The passivation layer is the SEI film, which is an interface layer with the characteristics of a solid electrolyte. In this paper, we show that our GPR models accurately estimate the capacity and predict the RUL using EIS spectra of cells with different degradation patterns cycled at various temperatures but under constant charge/discharge rates. Probabilistic prediction of calendar lifetime made using various degradation models. 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Low temperature and high charge rate conditions would aggravate the lithium plating. Quest for Sustainability: Life-Cycle Emissions Assessment of Electric Vehicles Considering Newer Li-Ion Batteries[J]. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC. Although qualitative changes are apparent, it is challenging to pick out quantitative features correlated with degradation. Inhomogeneous Degradation of Graphite Anodes in Automotive Lithium Ion Batteries under Low-Temperature Pulse Cycling Conditions. The conventional approach to battery forecasting relies on modelling microscopic degradation mechanisms, such as the growth of the solid-electrolyte interphase5,6, lithium plating7,8 and active material loss9,10. acknowledge the funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)EP/S003053/1. However, the challenge of data-driven approaches is defining a set of physically informative inputs, and building a robust statistical model. We use 25C0125C04, 35C01 and 45C01 cells as the training group, and the others as the testing group. Power Sources 96, 321328 (2001). IEEE Trans. Christensen, J. FIGURE 6. 165 (2), A181A193. Reliab. Batteries 5 (2), 49. doi:10.3390/batteries5020049, Onat, N., Kucukvar, M., and Tatari, O. Power Sources 384, 107124. Under high charge rates (i.e., 34C), compared with the normal temperature of 25C, the thickness of lithium plating was significantly higher than that at low temperatures, which was consistent with existing researches. The study provides theoretical support for the improvement of the charge/discharge strategy of lithium-ion batteries. doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00618-3, Zhang, S., Xu, K., and Jow, T. (2003). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Although temperatures are measured with sensors within a battery module or stack, actual temperatures may deviate considerably due to large temperature gradients under operational conditions. Degradation Identification of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/graphite Lithium-Ion Batteries under Fast Charging Conditions. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2020.04.015, Yang, X.-G., Ge, S., Liu, T., Leng, Y., and Wang, C.-Y. Qi, Y. Soc. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.130, Lewerenz, M., Warnecke, A., and Sauer, D. U. To clarify the contributions of these decay mechanisms at different stages and their activation thresholds under different working conditions, the thickness of SEI film and lithium plating was further investigated. Electrochim. Thus, a good cell temperature control would have a significant inhibitory effect on lithium plating and SEI film, which could partially offset the negative impact of fast charging on battery capacity. J. WebEstimating Degradation of LithiumIon Battery under Storage and Arbitrary Cycling (2017). Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK, The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK, Yunwei Zhang,Qiaochu Tang,Jiabin Wang,Ulrich Stimming&Alpha A. Lee, Chemistry School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, Qiaochu Tang,Jiabin Wang&Ulrich Stimming, North East Centre of Energy Materials (NECEM), Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK, You can also search for this author in doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.168, Keywords: lithium-ion battery (LIB), fast charging, solid electrolyte interface (SEI), lithium plating, P2D model, Citation: Gao Z, Xie H, Yu H, Ma B, Liu X and Chen S (2022) Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation Caused by Side Reactions in Fast-Charging Process. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.043, Su, S., Ma, J., Zhao, L., Lin, K., Li, Q., Lv, S., et al. Temperature Dependent Ageing Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries - A Post-Mortem Study. and health-aware control algorithms. 3, we show there is a strong linear change of selected EIS features with cycle number in the Nyquist plot over cycle number at 25C. Figure3c, d show the ARD importance weights of these two models. times or expensive test equipment to perform. J. Electrochem. stresses in an electrode stack to avert a shortened lifespan, such as those caused Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are seen as a viable option to meet the rising demand for energy storage. (2016). The coefficient of determination (R2) of this model is shown on the left bottom. J. FIGURE 9. Designing nanostructured si anodes for high energy lithium ion batteries. IOP Conf. TABLE 1. J. Similarly, each model finds that only one salient frequency is sufficient to estimate capacity. Further, initial values ca0 and cco are introduced for the solid-phase volume elements of anode and cathode at t=t0. Model-Based Investigation of Porosity Profiles in Graphite Anodes Regarding Sudden-Death and Second-Life of Lithium Ion Cells[J]. Li-ion batteries enable a wide variety of technologies that are integral to modern life by virtue of their high energy and power density1,2,3,4. However, at 45C, the thickness of lithium plating tended to increase. Currently, electrochemical lithium-ion battery models include microscale models, pseudo three-dimensional models (P3Ds), P2D models and single particle models (SPMs). 2. Energy 180, 360368 (2016). It showed that the thickness of SEI film was approximately linearly related to the number of cycles. Articles, IEEE 58th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.905710. Electrochimica Acta 53 (15), 50715075. A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications. (2018). Influence of charge rate on SEI film growth at room temperature. WebFocused Ion and Electron Beam System Ethos NX5000 Series. Energy 84, 542550 (2015). CHAIN: Unlocking Informatics-Aided Design of Li Metal Anode from Materials to applications[J]. (2018). Eddahech, A., Briat, O. Yang, D., Zhang, X., Pan, R., Wang, Y. TABLE 4. With the continuous progress of lithium plating, some protrusions would grow into lithium dendrites, which would penetrate the separator, causing internal short circuits and thermal runaway of lithium batteries. Yet, traditional lithium-ion batteries pose limitations such as safety risks, short life cycles, and long charging times. Google Scholar. Study of a Li-Ion Cell Kinetics in Five Regions to Predict Li Plating Using a Pseudo Two-Dimensional Model. Features derived from the charging and discharging curve are by far the most commonly used inputs because typical battery management systems collect currentvoltage data13,14,15,16,17,18. Interaction of Cyclic Ageing at High-Rate and Low Temperatures and Safety in Lithium-Ion Batteries. (2014). To sum up, the unreasonable use of the battery (e.g., low temperatures and high charge rates) could lead to the formation of lithium plating at early cycles, causing serious capacity loss and significantly accelerating the aging of the battery. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.033, Chandrasekaran, R. (2014). It was reported that the loss of available lithium-ion was due to the performance degradation caused by SEI growth and lithium plating (Jaguemont et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2018; Han et al., 2021). We first consider a setting where the user wants to estimate the capacity of a battery using the EIS of the current cycle, with the knowledge of the temperature, which is kept constant throughout, and the SoC (state IIX shown in Supplementary Fig. The model takes into account the transport of charges and species in the active material along the electrode thickness direction (x) and within solid particles (r), and x and r directions describe the coupling of electrochemical reactions on the surface of active material particles via the Butler-Volmer kinetics (Ecker et al., 2017b; Momeni Boroujeni and Birke, 2019). Researchers Power Sources 262, 129135. First, a multi-level overcharge cycling experiment was conducted. .,n} and the predicted test output (x*,y*) is, Conditioning on the training set yields the predicted mean on x*, We implement the EIS-capacity GPR model using the Gaussian processes for machine learning (GPML) toolbox37 with a zero mean function and a diagonal squared exponential (SE) covariance function with ARD38. Influence of charge rate on charging capacity and available lithium-ion decrease. A Reduced Low-Temperature Electro-Thermal Coupled Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. It could also be noticed that after certain cycles, the thickness of lithium plating would reach dynamic equilibrium without causing further loss of available lithium-ion, which was consistent with the results represented by Monroe (Zinth et al., 2014; Somerville et al., 2016). Those models have been developed for degradation diagnosis, such as using a Gaussian process model to predict the future capacity33,34 and state of charge (SoC)17, and using a regularised linear model to predict cycle life18. 166, A1611A1622 (2019). Copyright 2022 Gao, Xie, Yu, Ma, Liu and Chen. Barr, A. et al. The authors declare no competing interests. Particle size effects on the electrochemical performance of copper oxides toward lithium. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Richardson, R. R., Birkl, C. R., Osborne, M. A. Symbols and descriptions of the P2D model parameters. J. Degradation in lithium ion (Li-ion) battery cells is the result of a complex Rare Metall. The effective diffusion coefficient is derived from porosity and tortuosity as following: Further, to investigate the influence of lithium plating and SEI film growth on cyclic aging of lithium-ion batteries, two correction terms were added into the P2D model (Reniers et al., 2019), where two reactions competes with intercalation reactions during charge. The power of any model is circumscribed by the information content of the inputs, and forecasting the late-stage behaviour of batteries with data from early lifethe most relevant problemis still a significant challenge. battery health metrics. The proposed SVMD-AO-DELM lithium capacity prediction steps are as follows. Battery Management Systems. Google Scholar. The process is called the chemical formation. Physics Our model accurately predicts the RUL of three testing cells ac cycled at 25, 35 and 45C, respectively, without information on the cycling temperature. and machine learning to enable rapid, scalable diagnostic tests to analyze electrochemical data and monitor Both EIS spectra are collected at the state V (15min resting after fully charging). Yang, X., Leng, Y., Zhang, G., Ge, S. & Wang, C. Modeling of lithium plating induced aging of lithium-ion batteries: transition from linear to nonlinear aging. storage system designs can be optimized for revenue, lifetime, or reliability. Identifying degradation patterns of lithium ion batteries from impedance spectroscopy using machine learning. J. Electrochem. The capacity retention curves of all cells are shown in Supplementary Fig. Fatal casualties resulting from explosions of electric vehicles and energy storage systems equipped with lithium-ion batteries have become increasingly common worldwide. Predicting lithium-ion battery degradation is worth billions to the global automotive, aviation and energy storage industries, to improve performance and safety and reduce warranty liabilities. Diffusion of lithium-ion in spherical particles is described by Ficks law in a radial coordinate r: Where Ds is the solid-phase diffusion coefficient. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.153, Khalik, Z., Bergveld, H., and Donkers, M. C. F. (2019). The joint distribution of the training set {(xi,yi),i=1,2,. However, the typical state estimations are challenging due to complex and dynamic cell parameters and wide variations in usage conditions. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Here, we build a model for RUL prediction from the EIS spectrum (EIS-RUL GPR model). WebThe mitigation of decomposition reactions of lithium-ion battery electrolyte solutions is of critical importance in controlling device lifetime and performance. Power Sources 274, 432439. Our method accurately estimates the SoH and RUL of a testing battery cycled at the same charging/discharging rate as the training cells, at any point of its life, from a single impedance measurement, without the knowledge of the cycling temperature as long as the future operating temperature of a battery is close to its previous operating temperature. J. J. Lithium-ion batteries inevitably degrade with time and use. (2016). and JavaScript. Ind. doi:10.1002/cey2.129, Tippmann, S., Walper, D., Balboa, L., Spier, B., and Bessler, W. G. (2014). & White, R. E. Capacity fade analysis of a lithium ion cell. Correlation between capacity and impedance of lithium-ion cells during calendar and cycle life. The various conditions of direct current (DC) and relaxation are shown in Supplementary Fig. The idea is to perform real-time, non-invasive measurements on the battery, and use statistical machine learning to relate those measurements to battery health without modelling a physical mechanism. doi:10.3390/su6129305, Ouyang, M., Chu, Z., Lu, L., Li, J., Han, X., Feng, X., et al. Moreover, battery prognosis is crucial to expanding the recycling sector, enabling facilities to decide whether a battery should be recycled as scrap metal or used for less demanding second-life applications. Contributions of lithium plating and SEI film growth charged under different charge rates at different temperatures. & Garche, J. Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. Thank you for visiting nature.com. From keeping your car at the right temperature to limiting DC Fast Charging, here are a few helpful tips on how to get the most from your EV battery. Wu, H. & Cui, Y. And i0 is concentration-dependent exchange current density. analysed the experimental data and developed the ML model. (2022). Power Sources 307, 806814. J. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing (2023). Li-ion battery thermal runaway modeling, prediction, and detection can And, lithium plating only occurred at high SOC conditions. For more information, review theNREL security and privacy policy. and Model Identification via Machine-Learning, Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2021), Life Prediction Model for Grid-Connected Li-Ion Battery Energy Storage System, American Control Conference (2017). (2014). (2008). To further understand the information contained in EIS spectra relative to other electrical signals reported in the literature, we benchmark our method against features extracted from the discharging curve, following recent work18. Image from Challenging Practices of Algebraic Battery Life Models through Statistical Validation Relationship of lithium plating thickness and cell SOC charged under high charge rate at 0C. In a lithium-ion battery system with lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as J. J. This paper proposed a data-driven lithium-ion battery degradation evaluation framework. during energy storage system operation, as common lab diagnostic tests require long Accurately assessing degradation and detecting abnormalities of overcharged lithium-ion batteries is critical to ensure the health and safe adoption of electric vehicles. data, NREL developed dual-Kalman filters that update state-of-charge and state-of-health Power Sources 252, 305316. Electrochim. Analysis of thousands of electrochemical impedance spectra of lithium-ion cells through a machine learning inverse model. To reduce the computational cost, an aging factor of decay = 100 is introduced in the process of lithium plating and SEI film growth, in 2000- cycle groups. And, high charge rate charging would lead to insufficient SEI film conduction capability, resulting in lithium-ion accumulation on the top of the SEI film. However, there is a lack of quantitative research on their contribution ratio to battery performance and the occurrence thresholds. In practice, the control of lithium plating and SEI film growth is very important (Gao and Tang, 2008; Sturm et al., 2019; Li et al., 2021). A mathematical model for the lithium-ion negative electrode solid electrolyte interphase. The cells are cycled in three climate chambers set to 25C (25C0125C08), 35C (35C01 and 35C02) and 45C (45C01 and 45C02), respectively. Capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries largely determines the cost, performance and environmental impact of various products such as renewable energy production systems, portable electronics, and electric vehicles. doi:10.1016/0013-4686(95)00162-8, Ecker, M., Shafiei Sabet, P., and Sauer, D. U. Therefore, it was speculated that the battery capacity decay in middle and late cycles was mainly caused by SEI generation, while the rapid lithium-ion loss in early cycles was caused by other decay mechanisms. A Comprehensive Review of Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles at Cold Temperatures. Although Li-ion batteries have emerged as the battery of choice for Although GPR has been used in the literature in the context of Li-ion batteries17,33,34, we depart from those pioneering works by employing impedance spectra as input, as well employing ARD to shed light on salient frequencies. LiBs are delicate and may fail if not handled properly. [6] [7] Graphite/LiCoO2 battery capacity degradation is reported to be affected by mean SOC as well as the change in SOC (SOC) during the cycling operation. Power Sources 489, 229422. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229422, Zinth, V., von Lders, C., Hofmann, M., Hattendorff, J., Buchberger, I., Erhard, S., et al. Power Sources 490, 229571. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229571, Hein, S., and Latz, A. At the same time, the significant difference between the discharge capacity decay curve and the cell capacity retention curve indicates that a considerable amount of available lithium-ion is solidified in the battery during the process. The ARD covariance function allows the model to downweight and prune irrelevant frequencies from the input by setting m to be large. Sustainability 11 (22), 6392. doi:10.3390/su11226392, Mller, D., Dufaux, T., and Birke, K. P. (2019). The reasons for these phenomena would be discussed in detail after the reason of available lithium-ion loss was analyzed. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. modeling tools, such as the Renewable Energy Integration and Optimization platform and System Advisor Model, which incorporate NRELs predictive battery life models. We combine the training data acquired at three different temperatures (i.e. J. Multiscale Observation of Li Plating for Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. The Low Temperature Performance of Li-Ion Batteries. The less relevant features have weights close to zero. Multiphysics models of battery degradation include: With validated models of battery performance and lifetime, battery controls or energy In addition, the slope changes of the two curves of indicates changes in the proportion of the non-recoverable part of the solidified lithium-ion. Solid State Electrochem 7 (3), 147151. J. by fast charging. Compared with the usual currentvoltage data, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which obtains the impedance over a wide range of frequencies by measuring the current response to a voltage perturbation or vice versa19,20,21, is known to contain rich information on all materials properties, interfacial phenomena and electrochemical reactions. J. Electrochem. It showed that although both lithium plating and SEI film growth would consume available lithium-ion, the consumption by the formation of SEI film was almost negligible under low temperature conditions, and lithium plating was almost the only decay mechanism under this condition, which is consistent with Danzers research (Fan and Tan, 2006). J. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Interestingly, the model finds that only two salient frequencies, out of the 120 possibilities in the range of 0.02Hz20kHz, are sufficient to estimate capacity; in Supplementary Fig. 93, 012040 (2017). A review on prognostics approaches for remaining useful life of lithium-ion battery. The model captures degradation effects due to both calendar time Be the first to know about the latest NREL sustainable transportation and mobility news, including research projects, partnerships, data and tool launches, and publications. This was consistent with Danzers findings (Fan and Tan, 2006). One of the great struggles of lithium-ion batteries, especially for EV The Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a type of rechargeable batteries in which lithium ions move from a negative electrode to a positive electrode during a discharging process and in the reverse direction during a charging process, as shown in Fig 1.Owing to its high energy density and small memory effect, the Power Sources 257, 126137. Power Sources 395, 251261. J. Electrochem. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). & Peng, H. State-of-health monitoring of lithium-ion battery modules and packs via incremental capacity peak tracking. WebThe researchers use lab evaluations, electrochemical and thermal data analysis, and Influence of temperature on charging capacity and available lithium-ion decrease. Investigation of Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation Mechanisms by The shaded region indicates1 standard deviation. However, a key stumbling block to advancing those technologies is the unpredictability of battery degradation: accurate prediction of battery state of health (SoH) and remaining useful life (RUL) is needed to inform the user whether a battery should be replaced and avoid unexpected capacity fade. J. Electrochem. Nishi, Y. Lithium ion secondary batteries; past 10 years and the future. doi:10.3390/su11082366, Barr, A., Deguilhem, B., and Grolleau, S. (2013). Influence of Local Lithium Metal Deposition in 3D Microstructures on Local and Global Behavior of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Furthermore, we found that the SEI film formation was insensitive to the charging rate. 1. As shown in Figure 5, at 25C, under medium charge rates, the process of lithium plating could not occur; while under high charge rates, it became more and more obvious with the increase of charge rate. It also says the tech is good to take globalpartly because of its simplified bill of materials. However, a significantly larger training set is required to cover the different eventualities. Power Sources 369, 122132. CAS Moreover, we show that GPR with an ARD kernel allows us to identify important features amid many irrelevant ones from high-dimensional measurements. To overcome this challenge, recent literature focuses on data-driven approaches11,12. Physical Characterization of the Charging Process of a Li-Ion Battery and Prediction of Li Plating by Electrochemical Modelling. Quionero-Candela, J. Like any other rechargeable lithium-ion battery, the more charge cycles, the more wear on the cell. 166 (14), A3189A3200. This research would provide theoretical support for the improvement of charging and discharging strategies for lithium-ion batteries. Influence of charge rate on lithium plating thickness at different temperatures. Correspondence to Article In summary, the emergence of lithium plating was essentially due to the limited large-scale transport of lithium-ion. However, those models are all developed with the charging and discharging curve as input. Energies 13 (13), 3458. doi:10.3390/en13133458, Legrand, N., Knosp, B., Desprez, P., Lapicque, F., and Ral, S. (2014). The testing EIS spectra are collected at state V (15min resting after fully charging). This work is supported by the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin province (20200501012GX) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Rates of degradation are controlled by factors such as temperature history, electrochemical operating window, and charge/discharge rate. It was found that at 0C, the lithium plating induced by high charge rates (i.e., 35C) was significantly intensified as the charge rates increased. Use-Cases, Applied Energy (2020), Challenging Practices of Algebraic Battery Life Models Through Statistical Validation *Correspondence: Siyan Chen, chensiyan1987@jlu.edu.cn, Advanced Diagnosis and Early Warning Strategies on Degradation and Safety of Lithium-ion Batteries, View all In this work, to balance the above two models, a P2D model was proposed, which could truly simulate the electrochemical behavior of the battery within the acceptable calculation scale (Han et al., 2021). Buteau, S. & Dahn, J. Use-Cases, Challenging Practices of Algebraic Battery Life Models Through Statistical Validation Power Sources 266, 512519 (2014). Recent advances in machine learning show that one can feed the entire dataset as input into the model without handpicking features, and let the model select the most relevant variables. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.110, Almeida, A., Sousa, N., and Coutinho-Rodrigues, J. and Y.Z. The increase of charge rate and SOC would also aggravate lithium plating, resulting in stronger degradation. J. WebIn addition, volatile and flammable liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries will be replaced by niobium-containing solid electrolytes, further enhancing the novel batteries' safety and energy density. doi:10.1002/cey2.146, Choi, J., and Park, H. (2022). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. There are two main forms of battery degradation: capacity fade and power fade. Image from Machine-Learning Assisted Identification of Accurate Battery Lifetime Models With J. Effect of Charge Rate on Capacity Degradation of LiFePO4 Power Battery at Low Temperature. Among them, the microscale model is complex and computationally expensive, which is not suitable for battery diagnosis. J. The outputs f=(f(x1),f(x2) f(xN)) are modelled as a Gaussian random field \({\bf{f}} \sim {\mathcal{N}}(0,{\bf{K}})\), where Kij=k(xi,xj) is the covariance kernel. Power Sources 286, 309320. 213, 114 (2011). In the follow-up experiments, we designed a cyclic charge/discharge experiment, focusing on analyzing the changes of the SEI film and the lithium plating on the anode under high current rate charge/discharge conditions, as well as their contributions to the battery aging at different cycle stages. Materials & instruments. Energy 206, 934946. (Abdel- Monem et al., 2017),Therefore, each cycle here is equivalent to 100 cycles. Variation regularity of lithium plating thickness with different charge rates and different temperatures was shown in Figure 7. Acta 51, 16731679 (2006). Love, C. T., Virji, M. B., Rocheleau, R. E. & Swider-Lyons, K. E. State-of-health monitoring of 18650 4s packs with a single-point impedance diagnostic. Energy 177, 804816. (2021). and thermal performance models for modeling battery cells, packs, and systems. through diagnosis, prediction, and optimization. MATH This work used ultrasonic to treat simulated electrolyte (propylene 148, A285A292 (2001). Here, we build an accurate battery forecasting system by combining electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)a real-time, non-invasive and information-rich measurement that is hitherto underused in battery diagnosiswith Gaussian process machine learning. 51, 19681971 (2011). Data-driven prediction of battery cycle life before capacity degradation. Front. Multiphysics models are also used to provide feedback during the cell design process. Uncertainty, Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2022), Review of Knees in Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Trajectories, Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2022), Lithium-Ion Battery Life Model With Electrode Cracking and Early-Life Break-In Processes, Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2021), Analysis of Degradation in Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems for Rate-Based visualization, model identification, and model simulation tools. Chen, C., Liu, J. We generate the largest dataset, to our knowledge, of EIS measurements of commercial Li-ion batteries (LCO/graphite) over a wide range of frequencies at different temperatures and SoC, totalling over 20,000 EIS spectra. Energy 164, 99114. Power Sources 115 (1), 137140. Figure1a shows the result of 25C05 cell for the state V (15min resting after fully charging); the results at other states are similarly positive and shown in Supplementary Fig. Non-uniform Aging of Cycled Commercial LiFePO4//graphite Cylindrical Cells Revealed by Post-mortem Analysis. R2 of our method is shown on the right bottom in each panel. The predicted RUL of 25C0525C08 testing cells ad cycled at 25C (shown as green curves). (2017). Warranty, second use, and other business decision factors. The Effect of Charging Rate on the Graphite Electrode of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells: A Post-mortem Study. Galeotti, M., Cin, L., Giammanco, C., Cordiner, S. & Di Carlo, A. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We next turn to understand the model by extracting salient features in the EIS correlated with degradation: Fig. 10:905710. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.905710. (2016). FIGURE 1. Han et al. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Richard Braatz, and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Nano Today 7, 414429 (2012). Energy 4, 383391 (2019). The inputs are normalised using the mean and standard deviation of the training data. Soc. rapid fitting of complex battery degradation trends with a comprehensive set of data Power Sources 320, 239250 (2016). The irrelevant features have weights close to zero. Ultra-high-energy Lithium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Aligned Structured Thick Electrode Design. Lithium-ion battery degradation: how to model it. Retriev, the recognized leader in battery management and recycling, has The battery was then discharged with constant current at 1C until the voltage reached 2.5V. It should be noted that there was a rest for 10min after each charge or discharge. Battery Modeling Volume I[J]. Power Sources 360, 2840 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.086, Zhou, C.-C., Su, Z., Gao, X.-L., Cao, R., Yang, S.-C., and Liu, X.-H. (2021). 4. J. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.034, Fan, J., and Tan, S. (2006). The curves show the estimated (red) and measured (blue) capacity for cell cycled at a 35C and b 45C; the cycling temperature is not an input to our model. CAS Article Our model accurately predicts the RUL of three testing cells a c cycled at A.A.L. Soc. Accordingly, it can be found that the decay rate of the battery in early cycles is significantly faster than that in late cycles, and the capacity retention rate gradually approach a constant value in late cycles. CHAIN: Cyber Hierarchy and Interactional Network Enabling Digital Solution for Battery Full-Lifespan Management. In addition to the LLI phenomenon, the relevant literature also shows that loss of active material (LAM) will also affect the battery performance, which is usually caused by materials mechanical pulverization, metal dissolution, graphite exfoliation and electrolyte decomposition, resulting in the decline of battery capacity (Xie et al., 2021; Ruan et al., 2022). doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.178. J. Oper. In the meanwhile, the lithium-ion loss caused by SEI film formation increased linearly with the number of cycles, which had no significant relationship with the current. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.02.063, Waldmann, T., Wilka, M., Kasper, M., Fleischhammer, M., and Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M. (2014). (2021). 151, A1977 (2004). If the diffusion of lithium-ion in the graphite particles was too slow, the particle surface would be saturated with lithium-ions, resulting in lithium plating (Klett et al., 2014). battery systems to determine: NREL's modeling expertise addresses challenges in battery system design and management Uncertainty, Review of Knees in Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Trajectories, Lithium-Ion Battery Life Model With Electrode Cracking and Early-Life Break-In Processes, Analysis of Degradation in Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems for Rate-Based Phase-Field Modeling of Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Cracking in Lithium Batteries. Article J. the design process. Front. A Numerically Efficient Method of Solving the Full-Order Pseudo-2-dimensional (P2D) Li-Ion Cell Model. We note that all testing cells are charged and discharged the same way as the training cells; the ability of our model to estimate the cells cycled at different operating charge/discharge rates needs to be investigated by further experiments. : Earth Environ. Power Sources 100, 101106 (2001). Carbon Energy 3 (6), 929956. Richardson, R. R., Osborne, M. A. Zhang, Q. Schematic diagram of the modified P2D model of lithium-ion batteries. Rasmussen, C. E. & Nickisch, H. Gaussian processes for machine learning (gpml) toolbox. Article Acta 51, 16641672 (2006). Basically, the lithium plating was very obvious in early cycles, and the thickness tended to stabilize rapidly as the number of cycles increases, suggesting that the formation of lithium plating was responsible for the rapid decline of battery performance in early cycles. Power Sources 448, 227575. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227575, Zhu, J., Knapp, M., Srensen, D. R., Heere, M., Darma, M. S. D., Mller, M., et al. It can be found that as the number of cycles increases, the capacity of the cell decreases continuously. Over 20,000 EIS spectra of commercial Li-ion batteries are collected at different states of health, states of charge and temperaturesthe largest dataset to our knowledge of its kind. Power Sources 484, 229312. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229312, Zhang, L., Gao, X., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Cao, R., and Cheng, H. (2022). Micro-sampling System. In addition, a secondary SEI film can also be formed on the plated lithium surface (Zhao et al., 2019).Due to the uneven deposition of lithium on the surface of the anode, some protrusions will be formed on the surface of the SEI film, making the SEI film uneven (Lewerenz et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2020). Parameters related to evaluation indicators. The capacity is normalised against the starting capacity in each case. However, the typical state estimations are challenging due to complex and dynamic cell parameters and wide variations in usage conditions. The relevant frequencies have large weight values and the irrelevant frequencies have weights close to zero. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15235-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15235-7. Power Sources 271, 622632. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). b The measured capacity against the estimated capacity of all four testing cells cycled at 25C. 6, 19391959 (2005). State-observer algorithms, such as Kalman filters, can also help estimate battery Open-source pack architectures. the state V/IX, which is fully charged/discharged after resting), where electrochemical measurements on cells are more consistent. 3.2 SVMD-AO-DELM framework. WebChemical mechanisms of degradation in a Li-ion battery dominate capacity loss at low C-rates, whereas, mechanical degradation dominates at high C-rates. We observe that our method achieves a lower predictive error (cf. Kinetic Behavior of LiFePO4/C Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. To motivate the machine-learning framework, we first consider the problem of estimating capacity from the EIS spectrum. These authors contributed equally: Yunwei Zhang, Qiaochu Tang. 1 Citations Metrics Abstract Nickel-rich LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) is regarded as the promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). doi:10.1109/CDC40024.2019.9029977, Klett, M., Eriksson, R., Groot, J., Svens, P., Ciosek Hgstrm, K., Lindstrm, R. W., et al. The plating of lithium is generally reversible, and the plated lithium would be re-oxidized at about 0.1V, which is much lower than the potential of delithiation of the anode (Burow et al., 2016). 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