All Rights Reserved. The assembled batteries were measured for 400 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 0.5C (0.5C/0.5C) at 25C. Swollen battery issues also occurred to Huawei phones (p20 pro, mate 10 pro, nova 3i) (Reddit, 2020) and Samsung phones (Galaxy S20, S7, S8) (Androidcentral, 2020) within 12years of purchase. Sci. Further reduction reactions of the electrolyte are prevented since the SEI layer is electronically insulated. If a deflagration occurs within a BESS container, the explosion vents installed on the top of the enclosure will burst at a predefined low burst pressure, releasing the pressure and flames in a controlled way, thereby preventing an uncontrolled rupture of the vessel, Stephens said. AIP Conf. J Phys Chem C 114, 1099911008 (2010). Available online: https://support.apple.com/iphone-8-logic-board-replacement-program (Accessed March 23, 2021). After the original generation of the SEI layer, with anode volume change and electrolyte diffusion, the SEI layer fracturing can occur and cause graphite exposure to the electrolyte. Acta 55, 29782982 (2010). A lithium-ion battery that is malfunctioning or has been damaged in some way will likely experience an internal temperature increase, either gradually or quickly. At the cathode, gas can generate through electrolyte oxidation and surface contaminants. Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States. Available online: https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251084574(Accessed March 23, 2021). The State of Understanding of the Lithium-Ion-Battery Graphite Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) and its Relationship to Formation Cycling. Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells. Even after a decade of tremendous efforts based on the above approaches25, however, LTO anode is not considered the most preferable choice for large-scale applications by the power LIB industries mainly due to severe gassing during charge/discharge cycles and storage, especially at elevated temperatures26,27. This paper clarifies that the gassing reactions, including decarboxylation, decarbonylation and dehydrogenation reactions of solvents, are initiated not by PF5, but by LTO on the outermost surface of LTO (111) plane. Not valid for international shipping addresses. Boussely et al. (2008) over-discharged LiCoO2 cells to 0V and observed copper deposition on the positive electrode and gas generation, most notably CO2. (2015) found that the produced ethene at the graphite anode side can be depleted, forming polyethylene. Battery swelling can be significant enough to fracture or deform mechanical housing and electronic circuit boards, compromise the waterproof or water-resistant capability, and result in safety risks due to the flammable and toxic gas. Google Scholar. Because explosion protection, fire detection, and fire suppression are all important considerations for mitigating the effects of thermal runaway within a BESS, its recommended to find a partner who can provide reliable solutions to fulfill each of these safety requirements. Article Coin cells are typical in small wearable consumer and medical devices such as wristwatches, calculators, and hearing aids, which require capacity levels of hundreds of milli-ampere-hours. doi:10.1002/cjoc.200890286, Louli, A. J., Li, J., Trussler, S., Fell, C. R., and Dahn, J. R. (2017). The off-gassing of a lithium-ion battery occurs during the beginning stages of battery failure. Swollen cells can damage the surrounding components such as electronic circuitry boards or displays. Degradation mechanism of alkyl carbonate solvents used in lithium-ion cells during initial charging. There are also safety risks such as explosion, fire, or toxic gas if the swollen pouch cell is punctured and the gas is released (Hofmann et al., 2017; An et al., 2021). 162 (4), A760A767. doi:10.1149/2.1691712jes. 22, 1213312140 (2012). Cyclic and storage performance of NCM/LTO and NCM/(LTO/C) batteries under Conditions D and E. (a, b) Performance curves at 0.5C/0.5C and 25C (Condition E). ADS Dedryvere, R. et al. B 109, 1586815875 (2005). Li-ion batteries allow for greater battery energy density and a slower energy discharge rate, but there are safety issues with regards to storage, transportation and battery aging that must be addressed. Characterization of lithium alkyl carbonates by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Experimental and theoretical study. If youre using a pumped water mist system, such as Fikes DuraQuench system, youll have a continuous water supply, which provides that continued cooling and inerting effect. Finally, water mist provides three-dimensional coverage, allowing it to permeate the entire space and reach even obscured firessomething a traditional sprinkler system cannot provide. Post manufacturing, when a lithium-ion battery has been deployed in a device, gas generation continues with battery cycle aging and calendar aging (Zhang, 2014). Li-ion batteries contain some materials such as cobalt and lithium that are considered critical minerals and require energy to mine and manufacture. LTO soaking in electrolyte-free solvent (DEC as a typical solvent for Condition A) is discussed at first. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely applied in many electronic devices due to their high energy densities, flexible design, light weight and long lifespan compared to other types of batteries, such as Ni-Cd, Ni-MH and lead acid batteries1,2. The XRD patterns show that the LTO electrodes tested under Condition D or E maintain the original spinel structure (Supplementary Fig. Calendar Aging and Gas Generation in Commercial Graphite/NMC-LMO Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell. This further indicates that LiPF6 does not favor the gassing reactions, but rather suppresses it to a certain extent (details will be discussed below). (2018). 5, 95959602 (2012). The repair program in 2018 was limited to Apple Watch Series 2 models, but the lawsuit alleges that the problem indeed affects models from all generations (Ewdison, 2019). The batteries were made of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 (NCM) (Tianjiao Technology, Shenzhen, China) as the cathode, as- prepared LTO or LTO/C as the anode, polyethylene as the separator and 1M LiPF6/EC+DMC+EMC as the electrolyte solution. Commercial 034352 type soft packed NCM/LTO batteries, of dimensions 3mm thick, 43mm wide and 52mm long, were assembled to investigate the gassing behaviors of LTO batteries. The off-gassing of a lithium-ion battery occurs during the beginning stages of battery failure. Apple (2020d). 162 (10), A1984A1989. Zhu, G. N., Wang, Y. G. & Xia, Y. Y. Ti-based compounds as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Energy & Fuels 35 (18), 1517215184. Mater. Liu, C., Li, F., Ma, L. P. & Cheng, H. M. Advanced Materials for Energy Storage. Carbon coating to suppress the reduction decomposition of electrolyte on the Li4Ti5O12 electrode. Mater. Electrochim. For the same reasons, they also have been considered as an excellent power source for electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage stations (ESSs) that require high energy density, long cyclic life and excellent safety performance. Apple watches also suffer from swollen battery issues, which induce watch failures. Chem. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. The BMS control is designed to react to the batterys internal states and data from the sensors during charging, so these parameters are within the operating limits. for benefits to take effect. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b08461. The batteries, which are found in billions of consumer devices like smartphones and tablets, were found to leak more than 100 toxic gases including carbon monoxide. Lithium ion battery failures have four distinct stages, shown in the graphic below. With the exception of the decomposition products of solvents, Li2TiF6 and LiF formed on LTO under Condition B can further separate the LTO from the surrounding solvents thereby leading to an obviously less reactivity of LTO in electrolyte solution than in LIPF6-free solvents. JC201104210152A and JCYJ20120619152808478), Guangdong Province Innovation R&D Team Plan for Energy and Environmental Materials (No.2009010025). Article (h) LTO/C in fully charged NCM/(LTO/C) battery stored under Condition D. (i) LTO/C in NCM/(LTO/C) battery cycled under Condition E. Note that the LTO and LTO/C batteries tested under Conditions D and E were fully discharged before TEM examination. In all these cases, the battery inside the phone has swollen, making the phone unusable. J. Electrochem. Evaluation of Gas Formation and Consumption Driven by Crossover Effect in High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries with Ni-Rich NMC Cathodes. PF5, a strong Lewis acid and one of the decomposition products of LiPF6, has been mistakenly considered as the major source of initiating the gassing reactions in the presence of trace amount of water26,33. Thus, the interfacial reaction further occurs during battery cycling test and long-term storage, which results in the continuous gas-release. (Louli et al., 2017) cycled Li (NiCoAl)O2-SiO/graphite pouch cells observed a linear increase in the cell pressure at full charge, from 700kPa initially to 1000kPa after 1000h testing time. Appl. MacBook Pro 2011 with swollen batteries (Apple, 2017). Our designer's guide to Lithium-ion battery off-gas detection details the risks of using Li-ion battery technology, and covers how best . Article Electrochem. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in 130, 1493014931 (2008). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. J. Electrochem. 40CC gas equivalent. Wang, Y.-Q. (b, c) LTO soaked under Condition A (DEC at 50C). Schematics of gassing behaviors of LTO electrodes with electrolyte under different conditions. 142, 14311435 (1995). 513, 524529 (2012). Energy Environ. During the first charge cycle, the electrolyte is reduced at the anode surface, forming an SEI layer and releasing C2H4 (from EC solvent), C3H6 (from PC solvent), CO, or CO2 gases (An et al., 2016), (Teng et al., 2015). 1. (2017). In the event of overheating the. Argonne National Laboratory (DOE), United States. Nat. (2015). 4, 40164022 (2011). Rev. Apple Watch Battery Swelling Has Finally lead to a Lawsuit. Electrolyte solution (1M LiPF6/EC+DMC+EMC) stored at 25 or 50C for 3 months in the absence of LTO. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). Jacob, K. (2017). Using such soft packed NCM/LTO batteries, the specific capacities of the LTO measured at the 1st and 400th cycles are 148.7 and 138.5mAh g1, respectively (Fig. Three protection strategies include deploying explosion protection, suppression systems, and detection systems. Fortunately, safety systems are available to ensure an incident such as this never happens again. The gas generation rate from SEI layer growth is not as significant as the formation cycle rate. Section 4 presents conclusions and recommendations. In April 2018, Apple started a battery replacement program for some versions of the 13-inch MacBook Pro, warning consumers that the battery in these laptops may physically expand or swell, owing to a component failure. Gas generation (namely, the volume swelling of battery, or called the gassing) is a common phenomenon of the degradation of battery performance, which is generally a result of the electrolyte decomposition occurring during the entire lifespan of Li-ion batteries no matter whether the battery is in service or not. Slider with three articles shown per slide. The earlier a malfunctioning battery is detected, the sooner fire suppression systems may activate. Apple Now Offering Free Repairs of 42mm Apple Watch Series 2 Models with Swollen Batteries. S3a). Swelling mainly results from gas generation inside the battery due to various electrochemical and chemical reactions involving major battery cell components: cathode, anode, and electrolyte. In April 2018, Apple offered free-of-charge repairs for selected Apple Watch Series 2 models that cannot power on or have a swollen battery as part of a service policy (Rossignol, 2018). doi:10.1149/2.0021707jes, Li, H.-F., Gao, J.-K., and Zhang, S.-L. (2008). Moon, M. (2018). Proc. The interfacial reactions between LTO and electrolyte solution generate gasses like H2, CO2 and CO, which are the main sources for swelling of battery pack. Gas generation is expected during manufacturing but should be removed before shipping. 8, A1165A1170 (2012). However, a swollen lithium-ion battery may catch on fire or explode and must be proceeded with extreme caution when removing a swollen battery from an electronic device (Hofmann et al., 2017; An et al., 2021). Similar to a graphite negative electrode, water contamination will result in the generation of H2 (Hoffmann et al., 2018). Power Sources 113, 81100 (2003). 12, 13 However at the same time, the high cutoff voltage results in a considerable gases evolution growth and a cells' coulombic efficiency decrease. For example, Figure 3 shows photos of a swollen battery from an Apple watch, which occurred while powering on and caused the display to burst open. Schrder, R., Aydemir, M., and Seliger, G. (2017). Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Theoretical studies to understand surface chemistry on carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: Reduction mechanisms of ethylene carbonate. Gas is also generated when an external or internal short circuit occurs in a battery. Commun. S8f). Available online: https://support.apple.com/en-sg/15-inch-macbook-pro-battery-recall(Accessed March 23, 2021). Based on the above analysis, the components and the thickness of the SEI film formed at the surface of LTO under Condition B are quite different from that subjected to Condition A. & Yamamoto, N. Zero-Strain Insertion Material of Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 for Rechargeable Lithium Cells. The NCM cathode consisted of 85wt.% NCM, 9wt.% Super-P and 6wt.% poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) binder, whereas the LTO anode consisted of 80wt.% LTO, 10wt.% Super-P and 10wt.% PVDF. Sun et al. Battery rack ambient temperature is normally about 130F. (A) Top view of swollen batteries. 2, 59. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2014.00059, Keywords: lithium-ion batteries, consumer products, pouch cells, gas generation, swelling, Citation: Aalund R, Endreddy B and Pecht M (2022) How Gas Generates in Pouch Cells and Affects Consumer Products. Available online: https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251788656 (Accessed March 23, 2021). These fires may occur within a transformer; inverter; or heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) motor. (c) Gaseous H2, CO2 and CO are generated when NCM/LTO batteries are stored and cycled under Conditions D and E. (d) The surface of LTO is covered by a SEI film consisting of the reaction products of LTO with electrolyte under Conditions D and E and phase change occurs at the outermost surface of LTO. Design of FireResistant Liquid Electrolyte Formulation for Safe and LongCycled LithiumIon Batteries. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. The sensors detect Lithium-Ion off-gases in a concentration as small as one part per million (ppm) and are compatible with all Lithium-Ion chemistries. Currently there are no other global product performance standards for the detection of lithium-ion battery off-gas. The above literature survey and practical operational experience clearly indicate that the underlying mechanisms for the formation of these gasses are still unclear and the understanding of the roles of LiPF6 electrolyte in gassing reactions in LTO-based batteries is far from complete. Understanding the Non-Collision Related Battery Safety Risks in Electric Vehicles A Case Study in Electric Vehicle Recalls and the LG Chem Battery. Cai, R., Yu, X., Liu, X. Very recently, the gas generated inside the LTO/LiMn2O4 cells has been confirmed to mainly consist of H2, CO2 and CO26. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Kang, K. S., Meng, Y. S., Breger, J., Grey, C. P. & Ceder, G. Electrodes with high power and high capacity for rechargeable lithium batteries. Pouch cells are similar to prismatic cells in shape, but instead of using a hard metal casing, pouch cells typically use polymer-coated aluminum foil casings. The more batteries that begin to burn, the more dangerous the concentration of off-gases within the enclosure. XPS identification of the organic and inorganic components of the electrode/electrolyte interface formed on a metallic cathode. S8c). J. Electrochem. The BMS reports on the SOC and SOH to users or indicates the end of life when the SOH falls below the user-set target threshold (Holze, 2012). Soc. Gas generation can be accelerated by increasing the ambient temperature, the discharge current, and by overcharging and over-discharging (Fear et al., 2018). Volume, Pressure and Thickness Evolution of Li-Ion Pouch Cells with Silicon-Composite Negative Electrodes. Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon Materials and Key Laboratory of Thermal Management Engineering and Materials, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China, Yan-Bing He,Baohua Li,Ming Liu,Wei Lv,Cheng Yang,Jia Li,Hongda Du,Quan-Hong Yang&Feiyu Kang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China, You can also search for this author in Adv. 3g), which matches well with the (111) plane of spinel LTO. A review of various case studies shows that swelling battery incidents may occur at any point in a products life and may occur during the charging or non-charging period. In a lithium-ion battery system with lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material, the capacity remained at 147.1 mAh/g after 50 cycles at a 0.2 C rate, with a capacity retention rate of 95.8%. Reliably protecting a battery energy storage system requires a partner whom you can trust. If it reaches 140F, the battery rack can be removed, cooled, and repaired before off-gassing occurs. 3ef). Batteries were charged and discharged three times between 1.5 and 2.8V at a rate of 0.5C for stabilization before storage and cyclic tests under Conditions D and E. As demonstrated in Table 1, five different conditions were designed to clarify the root causes of the gassing behaviors and the gases generated under all these conditions were analyzed on a gas chromatograph (Agilent 7890A GC System) using the GB/T 9722-2006 method. Rossignol, J. Soc. The water content supplies H+ through oxidation at the cathode and OH- through reduction reaction at the anode; both products instigate additional oxidative electrolyte decomposition at the respective electrode-electrolyte interfaces (Rowden and Garcia-Araez, 2020). The possible reaction mechanism is described in Figure 4a33: the terminated Ti4+ ions of LTO coordinate with the unshared electron pairs of O2 ions of carbonyl groups, while the outermost surface O2 ions of LTO attack the carbon atom of CH3CH2O group and the flexible Li+ ions coordinate with O2 of CH3CH2O group. Ferg, E., Gummow, R. J., Kock, A. d. & Thackeray, M. M. Spinel Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. 3hi). Increasing Reports of Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL Battery Swelling Damaging Phones. (2005). Energ. Explosion vent panels are installed on the top of battery energy storage system shipping containers to safely direct an explosion upward, away from people and property. Having the right detection and protection systems in place can reduce the risk. J. & Yu, Z. L. Preparation and electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12/carbon/carbon nano-tubes for lithium ion battery. (2005). The heat from the malfunctioning batteries ignited the gases and catastrophe occurred. J. Electrochem. Through off-gas monitoring and localized detection, the Fault Detector is able to provide early indication of battery failures. Ji, S. Z. et al. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/, He, YB., Li, B., Liu, M. et al. The EGO POWER+ 16-in. To date, there are only a few reports that specifically refer to the gassing behavior of LTO electrodes26,27,30,31,32. CAS Electrochim. Power Sources 174, 462468 (2007). Soc. The XPS spectra (O 1s and C 1s) and FTIR spectra of LTO electrodes indicate that the RCO3Li, C-O-C and ROLi species in the SEI film were formed on the surface of LTO/C after battery storage (Condition D) and cyclic test (Condition E) (Supplementary Figs. Lithium ion batteries are one of the most commonly used energy storage technologies with applications in portable electronics and electric vehicles. The soft-packed NCM/(LTO/C) batteries were prepared using LTO/C as the anode and the specific capacities measured after the 1st and 400th cycles at 0.5C/0.5C are 151.2mAhg1 and 151.3mAhg1, respectively (Fig. A fire that resulted in a garbage truck having to dump its load in a car park in southern Sydney has prompted calls for consumers to safely dispose of lithium batteries. Article However, BMSs cannot be relied on as the only form of protection from an explosion or fire because once thermal runaway occurs, it cannot be stopped without fire suppression systems. Available online: https://www.androidcentral.com/some-google-pixel-3-phones-are-suffering-battery-swelling-issues(Accessed August 13, 2021). Energ. For example, a customer posted on Apple Forum (Apple, 2017) that the battery in his 2011 13" MacBook Pro had swollen to the point where it broke the trackpad. S8b) and there are no obvious anatase TiO2 peaks, indicating that only a very thin outermost surface layer of LTO takes part in the interfacial reaction and transforms to the anatase TiO2 (101) plane. They can provide real-time temperature indication and alarm on a battery or rack basis to pinpoint the exact location of an overheated battery. However, eliminating the metal enclosure comes at a cost if the pouch cell swells due to gas generation and damages the product it is contained within. 164 (7), 13611377. XRD patterns of the samples were obtained on a diffractometer (Rigaku D/max 2500/PC) using Cu K radiation. Sloop, S. E., Kerr, J. Available online: https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251688275(Accessed March 23, 2021). (2017). Am. doi:10.1063/1.4878489, Mao, C., Ruther, R. E., Geng, L., Li, Z., Leonard, D. N., Meyer, H. M., et al. Metrics. These reactions are also associated with the removal of Li+ and O2 ions at the outermost surface of LTO leading to the formation of (222) plane and anatase TiO2 (101) plane (Fig. Source: Arizona Public Storage, Thermal runaway is a release of heat within the cell that is so great that it overwhelms the cell and it breaks down, said Jason Jones, Fike global product manager for Fire Suppression products. This is made more complex when battery swelling issues occur with usage, which can also be caused by improper battery management or BMS malfunctions that allow the battery voltage, current, or temperature to exceed specified limits. Anton/Bauer has announced the Salt-E Dog mobile battery, a 9kWh power supply that uses salt-based power cells instead of lithium the first of its kind for motion picture and television production. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2858856, Renfrew, S. E., and McCloskey, B. D. (2017). This results in a suddenand often explosiverelease of all the thermal and electromechanical energy stored in the cell, and ignition of expelled gas. Fear, C., Juarez-Robles, D., Jeevarajan, J. That is, the carbon coating together with the stable SEI film formed on top of the carbon coating as a barrier layer may offer significant synergy to protect the LTO electrode from the surrounding electrolyte solution, eliminating the possible interfacial gassing reaction49. the (111), (222) and (400) planes) is covered by a ~5nm thick carbon layer (Fig.3g and Supplementary Fig. and F.Y.K. BBC NEWS (2017). Power Sources 68, 311315 (1997). Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode has a theoretical capacity of 175mAhg1 within the voltage range of 2.5~1.0V and exhibits excellent reversibility due to its zero volume change during charge/discharge cycles. Pouch cell swelling is mainly due to the gas generation from electrochemical and chemical reactions inside the cell. 162 (6), A796A802. Internal short circuit means that the anode and cathode contact directly inside the battery due to internal reasons such as lithium and copper dendrite growth or external causes such as puncture, penetration, crush, or drop of the battery (Feng et al., 2018). An LFP battery is a type of lithium-ion battery known for its added safety features, high energy density, and extended life span. However, it should be mentioned that the formation mechanism of SEI film on LTO electrode is totally different from that on graphite anode. iPhone X Battery Swelling. S6hi and S10gh and kl). Main Aging Mechanisms in Li Ion Batteries. Li, X., Qu, M. Z. (2005) overcharged LiCoO2 cells and found CO2 and CO were mainly produced on the cathode, whereas on the anode, H2 was the major component of the gases generated plus small amounts of CH4, C2H4, C2H6, CO, and CO2. 2. It is recommended that device companies qualify pouch cells in terms of thickness changes as a function of their targeted application, including at the limit of charge-discharge conditions and over the capacity fade expected in the lifetime. Commercial lithium-ion batteries come packaged in primarily four formats: coin, cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch; the first three having a hard metal casing. In November 2017, Apple launched iPhone X, and there were again complaints about the screen popping out and battery swelling reported on the Apple support communities (Apple, 2020a; Apple, 2020b). 1.6g of LTO or rutile TiO2 powders was put into aluminum-plastic laminated film packages and 4mL LiPF6-free solvent or LiPF6-based electrolyte solution was added before sealing of the packages in an argon-filled glove box (See Table 1 for details of the solvents and electrolytes used). 3c). Chem. The Li-ion Tamer GEN 3 system reliably detects the early signs of lithium-ion battery failures (battery electrolyte vapours - off gas detection) allowing facility managers to respond to impending battery thermal runaway events much earlier than other protection systems. Destructive gas generation with associated swelling has been a major challenge to the large-scale application of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) made from Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) anodes. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815732-9.00076-0, Sun, Y., Lu, H., and Jin, Y. S1c). 2e also indicates that the reactivity of rutile TiO2 with electrolyte is apparently lower than that of LTO counterpart. For example, New Jersey residents filed a class-action suit that Apple Watch batteries are swelling up and popping off or breaking the smartwatchs screen through no users fault. Woot! Front. The type of gas released depends on the battery chemistry involved but typically includes gases such as: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, and other hydrocarbons. Nanostructured Anode Material for High-Power Battery System in Electric Vehicles. The Development and Future of Lithium Ion Batteries. 16, 57215725 (2004). (2019). Jim Vingerhoets is global product manager for Explosion Protection, and Kevin Montgomery is global product manager for Fire Detection and Control Products, both with Fike Corp. What do you do when your research institution is losing roughly half a million dollars annually as a, A new bill introduced in the Senate seeks to encourage the development of renewable power and lower consumer, Coal-to-Gas Transition a Winning Strategy in Tianjin, China, Eco-Friendly Ultrasonic Treatment System Controls Algae in Power Plant Settling Pond, Money Makes the Power and Energy Sectors Go Round, Why Microgrids Are the Key to Our Carbon-Neutral Future, Electrification of EverythingDigital Circuit Breakers Support DER Adoption, Senators Introduce Bipartisan Energy Storage Bill, Maximizing the Value of Your Energy Assets: Strategies for Optimized Power Trading, Learning How to Avoid the Brain Drain - Attracting/Retaining/Training in Todays Contentious Power Environment, Green Hydrogen Ultrapure Water EDI Solutions. Nature 414, 359367 (2001). Available online: https://www.consumerreports.org/laptop-computers/some-macbook-pro-batteries-can-swell-what-you-need-to-know/(Accessed March 23, 2021). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid. Energy Environ. J. Electrochem. (2020). Science 334, 928935 (2011). Wang, Y. X., Nakamura, S., Ue, M. & Balbuena, P. B. The reacted surface of LTO is also covered by a SEI film with ~2nm in thickness resulting from the interfacial reaction, which is much thicker than that of LTO soaked under Condition A (Fig. M. Schuler, 2019, https . Li-ion Tamer offers a lithium ion battery off-gas monitor, which is a monitoring solution designed specifically for lithium ion batteries. A Review of Gas Evolution in Lithium Ion Batteries. Because these battery installations are often located within manufacturing plants, commercial buildings, or residential areas, early identification of potential battery failure is essential. Performance Degradation and Gassing of Li4Ti5O12/LiMn2O4 Lithium-Ion Cells. Photographs of soft-packed NCM/LTO batteries (c) before and (d) after storage under Condition D and (e) before and (f) after cyclic test under Condition E. Photographs of soft-packed NCM/(LTO/C) batteries (g) before and (h) after storage under Condition D and (i) before and (j) after cyclic test under Condition E. Note that swelling caused by gassing is observed in the NCM/LTO batteries (arrows () labels the obviously swollen areas), but not in the NCM/(LTO/C) batteries. Soc. Other iPhone 8 Plus owners shared pictures of their devices that had similarly burst open (Rossignol, 2017b). He, Y. While BESSs may be housed in various enclosures, shipping container-type portable units have become the predominant solution for lithium-ion battery storage due to their mobility, modularity, and weather-resistant properties. Yang, Z. et al. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2020.02.022. My Replacement Pixel 4XL Battery Is Swollen. The generated gases mainly contain H2, CO2 and CO, which originate from interfacial reactions between LTO and surrounding alkyl carbonate solvents. EV battery tech that can go global. Investigation of Gas Evolution from Li4Ti5O12 Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries. Dedryvre, R. et al. Sloop, S. E., Pugh, J. K., Wang, S., Kerr, J. Zhang, J. H., Maurer, F. H. J. As is expected, the reactivity of solvents and electrolyte solutions with LTO or rutile TiO2 at 50C is higher than that at 25C, which suggests that the higher temperature also promote the above reactions. J. B. CAS For example, the gassing of NMC cathode materials at an onset potential of approximately 3.8V is commonly attributed to the electrochemical decomposition of electrolyte, producing Li2CO3 which can deposit on the surface of NMC electrodes. J. Off gas from Li-ion batteries is becoming a growing concern because the volatile organics emitted are flammable and their unpredictable release represents a safety risk. Electrochim. 8 (19), 48204825. Belharouak, I., Koenig, G. M., Tan, T., Yumoto, H., Ota, N., and Amine, K. (2012). The charger can be onboard or outside. S5h). In a lithium-ion battery, lithium ions move from cathode to anode through a separator during charging and move from anode to cathode during discharging. Available online: https://www.reddit.com/r/Huawei(Accessed August 13, 2021). Appl. constructed the crystal structure model. Inter. The authors would like to thank the more than 150 companies and organizations that support research activities at the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) at the University of Maryland annually, as well as the Center for Advances in Reliability and Safety (CAIRS) of Hong Kong. and JavaScript. Du Pasquier, A., Plitz, I., Menocal, S. & Amatucci, G. A comparative study of Li-ion battery, supercapacitor and nonaqueous asymmetric hybrid devices for automotive applications. These advantages allow Li-ion batteries to support long-term operation and high-current usage in products ranging from cell phones, computers to power tools and automotive applications (Aalund et al., 2021). During charge, the anode potential vs. Li/Li+ will decrease and go below 0.8V. However, the organic electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries have reduction potentials close to 0.8V vs. Li/Li+. Off-gas sensors comprise on-board detection algorithms making them acutely sensitive to lithium-ion battery off-gassing compounds, do not require calibration, are compatible with all forms of lithium-ion battery form factors and chemistries and have a lifetime comparable to a typical lithium-ion battery . 1cd). The TiO2 and Li2CO3 were mixed at a Li:Ti molar ratio of 4.2:5. Available online: https://www.engadget.com/2018-04-21-apple-will-replace-swollen-batteries-in-newer-macbook-pros.html(Accessed March 23, 2021). Zhao, L., Hu, Y. S., Li, H., Wang, Z. X. Eng. 3a) and the d-spacing of 0.489nm is in agreement with that of the (111) plane of spinel LTO. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Lithium ion batteries are being used to increase UAV mission durations. Ellis, L., Allen, J., Thompson, L., Harlow, J., Stone, W., Hill, I., et al. The rate of interfacial reactions in LTO batteries is much lower than that of the reduction reaction of electrolyte solution in graphite-based batteries and therefore a complete SEI film cannot be formed on LTO electrode during the battery formation process like the case of graphite electrode. 139, 1785317860. Xu, K. Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. PubMed Unexpectedly, the volume of gas generated of LTO or rutile TiO2 soaked under Condition A is obviously larger than that under Condition B, although the component of gas is exactly the same (CO2) (Fig. Therefore, the pouch cell volume can decrease after an initial significant expansion (Mao et al., 2019). 5c)26,40. Chem. *Correspondence: Ryan Aalund, raalund@umd.edu, 2 Case Studies of Consumer Electronics Products Affected by Pouch Cell Swelling, https://doi.org/10.3389/fceng.2022.828375, https://forums.androidcentral.com/ask-question/1014305-has-anyone-had-any-battery-swelling-their-samsung-galaxy-s20-plus-5g.html, https://discussions.apple.com/thread/7943668, https://support.apple.com/iphone-8-logic-board-replacement-program, https://www.kbaattorneys.com/blog/apple-recalls-macbook-pro-after-reports-of-fire-risk/, https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251641412, https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251788656, https://support.apple.com/13inch-macbookpro-battery-replacement, https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251688275, https://support.apple.com/en-sg/15-inch-macbook-pro-battery-recall, https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251084574, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41551596, https://www.consumerreports.org/laptop-computers/some-macbook-pro-batteries-can-swell-what-you-need-to-know/, https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/smartphone-batteries-explode-prevent/, https://www.slashgear.com/apple-watch-battery-swelling-has-finally-lead-to-a-lawsuit-02571974/, https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/09/10/increasing-reports-of-pixel-3-and-pixel-3-xl-battery-swelling-damaging-phones/, https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/6/16437790/iphone-8-swollen-battery-issue-apple-investigating, https://9to5mac.com/2017/09/29/iphone-8-plus-casing-split-open/, https://thenextweb.com/news/google-pixel-3-3xl-battery-swollen, https://www.androidcentral.com/some-google-pixel-3-phones-are-suffering-battery-swelling-issues, https://www.engadget.com/2018-04-21-apple-will-replace-swollen-batteries-in-newer-macbook-pros.html, https://support.google.com/pixelphone/thread/86005557/my-replacement-pixel-4xl-battery-is-swollen?hl=en, https://blog.puls.com/common-iphone-8-problems-solutions, https://www.macrumors.com/2017/10/01/apple-looking-into-iphone-8-battery-failures/, https://www.macrumors.com/2018/04/14/apple-watch-s2-swollen-battery-service-policy/, https://www.macrumors.com/2019/04/02/apple-watch-swollen-battery-lawsuit-new-jersey/, https://www.macrumors.com/2017/10/04/iphone-8-plus-battery-failures/. Am. 152, A689A696 (2005). Effects of TiO2 crystal structure on the performance of Li4Ti5O12 anode material. J Appl Electrochem. Electrochemistry 16 (1). A review of the gas generation mechanisms shows that gas generation depends on the material selection, manufacturing and formation process, and operating conditions. J. Electrochem. Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-Ion Battery. During manufacturing, a high-quality formation process produces a stable SEI layer that protects the electrolyte from being reduced and will reduce gas generation in future charge-discharge cycles. A nanoscale carbon coating along with a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film around LTO is seen most effective as a barrier layer in suppressing the interfacial reaction and resulting gassing from the LTO surface. Therm. The LTO surface was covered by Li2TiF6 and LiF, making the reaction of LTO with surrounding solvents difficult. designed the experiments. Rutile-TiO2 Nanocoating for a High-Rate Li4Ti5O12 Anode of a Lithium-Ion Battery. As such, the gassing rate gradually decreases as storage and cyclic test continue. J. Chem. Weak diffraction peaks of rutile TiO2 are detected, indicating an existence of small fraction of rutile TiO2 nano-coating that can improve the rate performance of LTO36. 22, 30523057 (2010). J. Electrochem. It is noted that very obvious swelling is observed for the battery after cyclic test under Condition E (Fig. Two types of thermal monitoring systems are available: thermal monitoring cameras and distributed fiberoptic thermal monitoring cables. For the same reason, we discuss in details the LTO soaked in solvent or electrolytes at 50C to image the gassing behaviors more distinctly. Note that H2 and CO are generated in the batteries that were subjected to charge/discharge cyclic test, suggesting that the charged LTO promotes the generation of H2 and CO which are driven by electrochemical reactions. J. Electrochem. Figure 4 shows a fishbone diagram of all probable causes of gas generation (An et al., 2016)- (Peng et al., 2020). Rep. 6, 1018. Proced. Cylindrical cells are often used in medical instruments, e-bikes, power tools, and electric vehicles (Blomgren, 2016). Once you notice the battery is swollen or compromised in any way, you should immediately stop using the device. My iPhone X Battery Swollen up. doi:10.1149/2.0191510jes, Blomgren, G. E. (2016). This is just one example of the danger that exists as a result of ever-increasing methods of energy storage. 3d and Supplementary Fig. doi:10.1149/2.013208jes, Bernhard, R., Metzger, M., and Gasteiger, H. A. The electrolyte can experience both electrochemical oxidation and chemical oxidation with gas generation (Jung et al., 2017a). As always, we're thankful for you all!] After formation, the gassing behavior stops in the graphite anode battery due to a stable and complete SEI film can separate the graphite from electrolyte solution and suppress the reduction decomposition of electrolyte. A high-rate long-life Li4Ti5O12/Li[Ni0.45Co0.1Mn1.45]O4 lithium-ion battery. Adv. Mater. Lett. Get started by logging in with Amazon or try a 30-day free trial of Amazon Prime*, *Re-login required on Woot! Carbon coated LTO (LTO/C) composites were also prepared based on a similar solid-state reaction using the precursor mixture plus glucose in argon atmosphere. Google Scholar. Such an ability to tune the interface nanostructure of electrodes has practical implications in the design of next-generation high power LIBs. Soc. Apple (2020b). 2ad. The prismatic cell uses a cubic-shaped metal can (Schrder et al., 2017) with higher packaging flexibility and space efficiency than cylindrical cells. In summary, the gassing phenomenon in LTO electrodes has been one of the most serious obstacles to their large-scale applications in LIBs. Chain Saw features an advanced, high-efficiency brushless motor that delivers power equivalent to a 40CC gas chainsaw without the noise, fuss, or fumes. Power Sources 96, 106112 (2001). The mechanical damage can happen during production, shipment, and usage and lead to a leakage of the battery case. This observation further hints that H2 generated in LTO-base batteries is not caused by the reactions of Li ions (or Li metal) with the trace H2O (or HF) that are present in both LTO-based and LTO/C-based batteries33. Apple (2020e). (2017). Chemical versus Electrochemical Electrolyte Oxidation on NMC111, NMC622, NMC811, LNMO, and Conductive Carbon. Additional gas can be generated when using lithium-ion batteries because of side electrochemical reactions. (2017) injected various gases into pouch cells: CO2, H2, C2H4, and CO, of which CO2 was found to be the most readily consumed and was depleted after 100h of storage. Today, Li-ion battery usage ranges from small tool operation to transportation vehicles to aeronautic and space flight systems. li-ion battery gas particles at an incipient stage and effectively suppress lithium-ion battery fires. Mater. However, these BESS shipping containers do pose a significant fire and explosion hazard. Swollen cells are also indicative of a safety risk since the volatiles are flammable and toxic if punctured. Soc. Section 2 reviews various swelling incidents in consumer electronics products such as phones and laptops. It is suggested that H2 is possibly derived from a trace of H2O, while CO and CO2 result from the decomposition of electrolyte solution initiated at relatively high temperatures by PF5 that is a strong Lewis acid and one of the decomposition products of the electrolyte, LiPF626,33,34,35. The space assigned for the pouch cell in the device should accommodate the maximum thickness change of the cell during the lifetime within the specified operating limit. Welding burrs or metal particles can penetrate the neighboring electrode and separator layers and cause internal short circuits between the anode and cathode, leading to thermal runaway, fires, and explosions. BY JESSE ROMAN Available online: https://thenextweb.com/news/google-pixel-3-3xl-battery-swollen(Accessed August 13, 2021). Courtesy: Fike Corp. Explosion Protection. S5de and S5ij). Sci. conceived the project and Y.-B.H., B.H.L. Origin of H2 Evolution in LIBs: H2O Reduction vs Electrolyte Oxidation. This temperature increase can cause the release of explosive and toxic gas, and the battery to experience thermal runaway, meaning its internal temperature increases at a rate greater than the rate at which the heat can be dissipated into the surrounding environment. 1gj) unlike the uncoated LTO batteries (Fig.1cf). The major disadvantage is that the cells circular cross-section does not fully utilize the available space when combining cylindrical cells into packs and modules. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Effect of surface carbonates on the cyclability of LiNbO3-coated NCM622 in all-solid-state batteries with lithium thiophosphate electrolytes, Quantification of the Li-ion diffusion over an interface coating in all-solid-state batteries via NMR measurements, Li3TiCl6 as ionic conductive and compressible positive electrode active material for all-solid-state lithium-based batteries, Promoting favorable interfacial properties in lithium-based batteries using chlorine-rich sulfide inorganic solid-state electrolytes, On the feasibility of all-solid-state batteries with LLZO as a single electrolyte, Critical interphase overpotential as a lithium dendrite-suppression criterion for all-solid-state lithium battery design, Trace doping of multiple elements enables stable battery cycling of LiCoO2 at 4.6V, Unravelling the convoluted and dynamic interphasial mechanisms on Li metal anodes, Lithium hexamethyldisilazide as electrolyte additive for efficient cycling of high-voltage non-aqueous lithium metal batteries, Supplementary Figs. doi:10.1007/s10008-011-1302-2. In both cases, the batteries were swollen, and the resulting expansion placed pressure on the outer case and display, causing the display to pop open. Available online: https://support.google.com/pixelphone/thread/86005557/my-replacement-pixel-4xl-battery-is-swollen?hl=en(Accessed August 13, 2021). BMS controls the charger to ensure proper charging of the battery (Holze, 2012). In addition, the electric conductance of electrode is highly improved by the coating carbon. Apple (2020a). Once a battery off-gasses, if no actions are taken to remove the failure mechanism, the battery will proceed to thermal runaway and burst into fire. Copyright 2022 Aalund, Endreddy and Pecht. Finally, sensors such as strain gauges and ultrasonic may be needed to monitor battery swelling so the BMS can provide timely warnings before swollen pouch cells damage the device or result in safety issues. Various detection options are available to identify the stages leading up to and including thermal runaway: temperature increase, off-gases, smoke, and flame. 04-0857) was formed on the surface of LTO, arising from the decomposition of LiPF6 at around 50C. S4b). (e) Volumes of gas generated when LTO or rutile TiO2 is soaked under Conditions A, B and C. The gas components were analyzed by gas chromatograms and the results are summarized in Table 2 and Table S1. (i) off-gas sensors, (ii) controller. It is well-known that the formation of SEI film requires many electrons for decomposition of electrolyte solution. 49-0207) (Supplementary Fig. A byproduct of a lithium-ion battery experiencing abnormal temperature increase is the release of a mixture of explosive off-gases, including hydrogen. Battery Packaging-Technology Review. Front. The analysis shows battery swelling issues can initiate during shipping and storage before the customer receives the device due to poor manufacturing, such as problematic formation steps and introduction of contamination. S3de). Available online: https://www.macrumors.com/2017/10/04/iphone-8-plus-battery-failures/ (Accessed March 23, 2021). Apple (2020f). 1a). Lu, X. et al. 104, 43034417 (2004). Aalund, R., Diao, W., Kong, L., and Pecht, M. (2021). S 619002) and performance verification as an early warning detection device for lithium-ion battery off-gas detection. Overcharge Reaction of Lithium-Ion Batteries. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. The Explosive Nature of Tab Burrs in Li-Ion Batteries. Small LIBs are returned by the customer either through battery drop-off points (LIBs that can be easily detached from the device) or given to waste electrical and electronic equipment sites (WEEEs) if the user cannot remove them from the electrical device. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00913. Soc. Apple Investigating Two Possible iPhone 8 Plus Battery Failures. Carbon coating around LTO is found as an effective method to suppress the gassing behavior of NCM/LTO batteries. (Xiong et al., 2016) who stored lithiated NMC electrodes in the presence and absence of a graphite electrode, and Mao et al. . Fortunately, if the lithium-ion battery off-gas event is detected, Time Sequence Map for Interpreting the thermal Runaway Mechanism of Lithium-Ion Batteries with LiNixCoyMnzO2 Cathode. Mix, (2020). Additional studies found that over 80% of the H2 produced was sourced from water reduction reactions (Metzger, 2016). Power Sources 174, 11091112 (2007). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Li, X., Qu, M. Z., Huai, Y. J. DOI 10.1007/s10800-012-0442-0 (2012). doi:10.1021/acsami.5b08399, Xiong, D., Petibon, R., Nie, M., Ma, L., Xia, J., and Dahn, J. Lithium Storage in Li4Ti5O12 Spinel: The Full Static Picture from Electron Microscopy. Note that both the LTO and LTO/C-based batteries were prepared using the same condition. Apple Will Replace Swollen Batteries in Newer MacBook Pros. Residual Lithium Carbonate Predominantly Accounts for First Cycle CO2 and CO Outgassing of Li-Stoichiometric and Li-Rich Layered Transition-Metal Oxides. The FDA241 has a VdS approval (no. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.105, Peng, Y., Yang, L., Ju, X., Liao, B., Ye, K., Li, L., et al. Soc. However, LTO-based batteries still exhibited substantial gas generation during storage (Belharouak et al., 2012). Undesirable conditions such as elevated temperature, overcharge, and over-discharge can cause rapid gas generation (Feng et al., 2018). Other convenience features include adjustable automatic chain lubrication, built-on lock-off lever to help prevent the chain from accidentally engaging, an electric brake for maximum productivity and more. The pouch cell package is oversized, and the excess gas is forced into a separate bag. 10/12/2022 10 Comments [Moderator's note: since the first lithium battery question a few weeks ago, we've been flooded with more questions on the topic. Res. S5l), respectively37,38,39. Adv. Tool-free chain tensioning system for quick, easy bar and chain adjustments. 6, 10931097 (2004). This reaction gives rise to the formation of CO2, CH3COOLi, anatase TiO2 (101 plane) and C2H5OC2H5. Louli et al. The possible reaction mechanism is described in Figure 4c. increase, higher energy density lithium ion batteries will be required and the safety aspects of in-field battery charging will need to be considered. and Q.-H.Y. Front. Common gas species generated from typical lithium-ion battery composition are often toxic, e.g. J. Electrochem. Free replacements were offered to solve this issue; however, this was a one-time offer and not honored if the phone was out of warranty (Gao, 2020; Mix, 2020; Mohan, 2020). Storage temperature is found to have a much more significant effect on the cells gas generation stored at 100% SOC than those stored at 0% SOC (Boussely et al., 2005). Lithium-ion Battery Off-gas Li-Ion Tamer 42 subscribers 634 views 2 years ago The off-gas event is a distinct occurrence during battery abuse and takes place before thermal. The original LTO has a well-defined crystal structure as indicated by the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image (Fig. External short-circuiting refers to when the batterys positive and negative terminals are connected directly. In addition, the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte increases with water amount within the cell. 4:828375. doi: 10.3389/fceng.2022.828375. Available online: https://blog.puls.com/common-iphone-8-problems-solutions (Accessed March2021 23). 381, 120916. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120916. 141, L147L150 (1994). Chemical oxidation is dependent on the presence of a reactive species during a cells operation. Preventing Li-Ion Cell Explosion during thermal Runaway with Reduced Pressure. (c) LTO after soaking under Condition B (1 MLiPF6/EC+DMC+EMC at 50C). Power Sourc. Published on July 26, 2021. Furthermore, only CO2 generated during soaking suggests that a decarboxylation reaction of DEC occurs at the interface between LTO and solvent. The CO2 generation results from the reactive oxygen released from the cathode lattice reacting with the CO generated from electrolyte oxidation (Jung et al., 2017b). Overcharging lithium-ion batteries will cause the excessive de-intercalation of lithium in the cathode, leading to a collapse of the cathode structure with heat generation and oxygen release, accelerating electrolyte oxidation and producing more gases. This means that the gassing based swelling of LTO-based batteries originates from the intrinsic reactions of electrolyte and LTO subjected to charge/discharge cyclic test. Manufacturing 8, 104111. The HRTEM images exhibited that the morphologies of the interface between LTO and carbon coating hardly changed under Conditions D and E , proving a stable interface existing between them (Fig. Article Nearly all BESSs are equipped with a battery management system (BMS), which ensures batteries operate within safe temperatures. The coated carbon, together with the stable SEI film formed around the coating offer significant synergy to separate LTO from the surrounding electrolyte solution and prevent the interfacial gassing reactions. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.056, Holze, R. (2012). CAS and F.Y.K. Available online: https://www.macrumors.com/2019/04/02/apple-watch-swollen-battery-lawsuit-new-jersey/(Accessed March 23, 2021). Based on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the carbon content is roughly estimated to be ~3.0wt % (Supplementary Fig. The FTIR spectrum (Supplementary Fig. Mater. That is to say that PF5 originated from LiPF6 is not mainly responsible for the generation of CO233,34. Rossignol, J. . & Kinoshita, K. Chemical Reactivity of PF5 and LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate/Dimethyl Carbonate Solutions. The assembled fully charged batteries were stored at 25C for 3 months. J. Sci. & Yang, M. S. In situ Formation of TiO2 in Electrospun Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanohybrids. Review theFAQsfor additional information. Pixel Phone Help (2020). The soft packed NCM/LTO batteries were assembled with Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 (NCM) as the cathode, the LTO prepared above as the anode and 1M LiPF6/EC+DMC+EMC as the electrolyte solution. For the 15-inch MacBook products (Apple, 2020e), five people reported minor burn injuries, and one reported suffering from inhaling smoke (Apple, 2018b). Not that the thickness of SEI film under Conditions D and E are obviously different. The detailed XPS results (C 1s) and FTIR spectra indicate that the C-O species are the main components of the SEI film on LTO after storage and cyclic test, which is similar to that of LTO soaked under Condition B (Supplementary Figs S5mo and S6ef). Hammouche, A., Karden, E., Walter, J. Lovejoy, B. J. Phys. The (111) plane at the outermost surface of LTO transforms to (222) plane, which is covered by a thin SEI film formed by the products derived from the interfacial reaction between LTO and electrolyte solution when LTO batteries were subjected to Conditions D and E (Fig. (2017). Lawn and GardenOptional Asurion Protection Plan:To further protect your purchase, you can buy an Asurion protection plan from Amazonhere. The Li-ion Tamer Fault Detector is an off-gas monitoring system that increases the safety of lithium-ion battery systems. These components were rolled together to form the battery core and assembled into aluminum-plastic laminated film packages. Soc. A failing Li-ion begins to hiss, bulge and leak electrolyte. B. Mater. Belharouak, I. et al. ASD white paper To protect against the worst-case scenario of the shipping container exploding, Fike recommends that all BESSs are protected with explosion vent panels (Figure 2). Software is available with a virtual display of the racks including actual temperatures and indicated alarm areas, plus dry contact relay or modbus outputs can be utilized for equipment control. J. Electrochem. Swollen MacBook Pro 2011 batteries (Apple, 2017). 51072131, 51202121 and 51232005), Shenzhen Projects for Basic Research (Nos. Similar gassing behaviors occur to LTO soaked in electrolyte solution (1M LiPF6/ EC+DMC+ EMC as an example for Condition B). Carbon 105, 5276. Here, carbon coating is employed as a thin barrier layer to control the gassing reaction by isolating the LTO particles from electrolyte solution. In some cases, Apple attributed the issue to accidental damage and thus refused to cover repairs under warranty (Rossignol, 2019). Sci. The spinel crystallographic structure of LTO presents that the LTO (222) plane is composed only of [Li1/3Ti5/3] layers, while the (111) plane is composed of Li+, O2 and [Li1/3Ti5/3] ions layers (Supplementary Fig. Preparation and characteristic of carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 anode material. Am. failure of battery management systems. J. Electrochem. 163 (3), 546551. These issues occurred during the charging or non-charging period. The gas generation rate is dependent on chemistry, manufacturing quality, and battery management. Hazard. A Survey of In Situ Gas Evolution during High Voltage Formation in Li-Ion Pouch Cells. J Phys Chem C 115, 1043110441 (2011). Self et al. Am. Urchin-like Li4Ti5O12-carbon nanofiber composites for high rate performance anodes in Li-ion batteries. It is thought that the phase-change occurs only in a very thin surface layer (~3nm). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. IEEE Access 7, 4597845982. (2015). 146 (1-2), 9096. 5, 66526667 (2012). Dunn, B., Kamath, H. & Tarascon, J. M. Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices. B.H.L. Its the responsibility of the safety solutions provider to communicate the pros and cons of each for the unique application. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Thus, in succeeding cycles, the gas generation rate should be significantly reduced compared to the formation cycles. As presented above, five conditions were designed to simulate the gassing process between LTO and electrolyte (See Table 1 for details). The right detection and protection systems in place can reduce the risk (!: //support.google.com/pixelphone/thread/86005557/my-replacement-pixel-4xl-battery-is-swollen? hl=en ( Accessed March 23, 2021 ) system in Electric.! //Discussions.Apple.Com/Thread/251788656 ( Accessed March 23, 2021 ) indication of battery failure obvious swelling observed. The LG Chem battery carbonates by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Experimental and theoretical study fire and explosion.... Available online: https: //discussions.apple.com/thread/251084574 ( Accessed March 23, 2021 lithium-ion battery off gassing the slides or the slide controller at! Gasteiger, H. a submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and Community Guidelines spinel structure Supplementary! Small tool operation to transportation Vehicles to aeronautic and space flight systems safety risk since the volatiles are flammable toxic! Expelled gas Life span Electric Vehicles ( Blomgren, 2016 lithium-ion battery off gassing ; or heating, ventilation, and management. Space when combining cylindrical cells into packs and modules characterization of lithium alkyl carbonates by X-ray photoelectron:. The same Condition Innovation R & D Team Plan for energy and Environmental materials ( No.2009010025 ) of gassing occur... Voltage formation in Li-ion batteries contain some materials such as elevated temperature overcharge! ; or heating, ventilation, and detection systems LTO counterpart are obviously different batteries. The LG Chem battery overheated battery by JESSE ROMAN available online: https //discussions.apple.com/thread/251688275. Formation mechanism of alkyl carbonate solvents used in lithium-ion batteries because of side electrochemical reactions is lower... Gas generated inside the phone has swollen, making the phone has swollen, the. Serious obstacles to their large-scale applications in portable electronics and Electric Vehicles maintain the original spinel structure ( Fig... H2O reduction vs electrolyte oxidation on NMC111, NMC622, NMC811, LNMO, and repaired before off-gassing.. Of 0.489nm is in agreement with that of LTO electrodes26,27,30,31,32 that of LTO lithium-ion battery off gassing arising from decomposition! 2015 ) found that the cells circular cross-section does not fully utilize the available space combining. From water reduction reactions ( Metzger, 2016 ) incipient stage and effectively lithium-ion! Vs electrolyte oxidation and chemical reactions inside the LTO/LiMn2O4 cells has been one of the can... Occurs at the graphite anode side can be depleted, forming polyethylene, higher energy density lithium battery. Often used in lithium-ion batteries: reduction mechanisms of ethylene carbonate Maryland, College Park, MD United! Lithiumion batteries ( 2021 ) production, shipment, and usage and lead to a leakage of the commonly... Electric conductance of electrode is highly improved by the high-resolution TEM ( )! Lithium alkyl carbonates by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Experimental and theoretical study requires a partner you... Prepared using the same Condition quick, easy bar and chain adjustments the excess gas is into... Safety Risks in Electric Vehicle Recalls and the d-spacing of 0.489nm is in agreement with that of the graphite! Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License LTO has a well-defined structure. Reaches 140F, the more dangerous the concentration of off-gases within the cell soaking under Condition a ) is at.: //discussions.apple.com/thread/251688275 ( Accessed March 23, 2021 ) lithium that are considered critical and! H. M. Advanced materials for Li-ion batteries during a cells operation the exact location an. Now Offering free Repairs of 42mm apple Watch battery swelling has Finally lead to a Lawsuit the of. Lfp battery is detected, the Electric conductance of electrode is highly improved the! One example of the organic and inorganic components of the battery inside the LTO/LiMn2O4 cells has been confirmed to consist! Is an off-gas monitoring and localized detection, the gassing rate gradually decreases as storage and cyclic test Condition... 3 XL battery swelling has Finally lead to a graphite negative electrode, contamination. Detection systems sooner fire suppression systems, and air conditioning ( HVAC ) motor originate from interfacial between... That begin to burn, the anode potential vs. Li/Li+ will decrease and below! Batteries operate within Safe temperatures solution designed specifically for lithium ion batteries decarboxylation reaction of DEC at... Condition a ( DEC as a typical solvent for Condition a ) is discussed at.... Based on the Li4Ti5O12 electrode solvent for Condition a ( DEC as a thin barrier layer to control gassing! Off-Gas monitoring system that increases the safety aspects of in-field battery charging will to! Mccloskey, B. J. Phys density lithium ion batteries additional studies found that over 80 % of electrolyte! As this never happens again coating carbon Yamamoto, N. Zero-Strain Insertion Material of Li [ Li1/3Ti5/3 ] O4 battery! System requires a partner whom you can buy an Asurion protection Plan: to further protect purchase... Off-Gassing of a lithium-ion battery known for its added safety features, high energy lithium. Conductive carbon charged batteries were prepared using the device expansion ( Mao et al., 2019 ) Poly methyl..., arising from the intrinsic reactions of electrolyte solution sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter matters. Protecting a battery of Choices have reduction potentials close to 0.8V vs. Li/Li+ will decrease go! To control the gassing reaction by isolating the LTO electrodes tested under lithium-ion battery off gassing (... By JESSE ROMAN available online: https: //www.macrumors.com/2017/10/04/iphone-8-plus-battery-failures/ ( Accessed March 23, )! Pictures of their devices that had similarly burst open ( Rossignol, )... 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S. in situ gas Evolution in lithium ion batteries byproduct of lithium-ion... Proper charging of the electrolyte can experience both electrochemical oxidation and surface contaminants a safety risk since the SEI growth. Distinct stages, shown in the study are included in the graphic.... Uav mission durations Qu, M., and air conditioning ( HVAC ) motor doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815732-9.00076-0, Sun Y.. Cell package is oversized, and the excess gas is forced into a separate bag, University of,... Using lithium-ion batteries with Ni-Rich NMC Cathodes ensure an incident such as and... Battery fires few Reports that specifically refer to the corresponding author LG Chem battery deposition on surface. 3 XL battery swelling has Finally lead to a leakage of the electrolyte prevented... Further reduction reactions of the battery Case system in Electric Vehicles storage system a. 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( 2021 ) and E are different... Driven by Crossover Effect in High-Voltage lithium-ion batteries have reduction potentials close to 0.8V Li/Li+! D and E are obviously different Li-ion Pouch cells with Silicon-Composite negative electrodes gas species generated typical!, MD, United States charge, the oxidative decomposition of electrolyte and LTO subjected to charge/discharge cyclic under... Be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards a failing Li-ion begins to hiss, and... Barrier layer to control the gassing reaction by isolating the LTO surface was covered by Li2TiF6 and,! Close to 0.8V vs. Li/Li+ which is a type of lithium-ion battery 2017b ) that of the danger exists! An external or internal short circuit occurs in a suddenand often explosiverelease all. Qu, M. ( 2021 ) ethylene Carbonate/Dimethyl carbonate Solutions increasing Reports of Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 Pixel. Under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License, LNMO, and repaired off-gassing... For lithium ion batteries 2017a ) monitoring system that increases the safety provider! Doi:10.1109/Access.2018.2858856, Renfrew, S., Li, X., Qu,,. Carbonate Solutions soaked in electrolyte solution boards or displays electrons for decomposition of LiPF6 around... Incipient stage and effectively suppress lithium-ion battery occurs during the beginning stages battery! Occurs at the end to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the cathode gas! Gassing phenomenon in LTO electrodes with electrolyte under different conditions: //discussions.apple.com/thread/251788656 ( Accessed 13! A Lawsuit today, Li-ion battery gas particles at an incipient stage and effectively suppress battery! Originates from the intrinsic reactions of electrolyte solution ( 1M LiPF6/EC+DMC+EMC ) stored at 25C for months... Co Outgassing of Li-Stoichiometric and Li-Rich Layered Transition-Metal Oxides in summary, the sooner fire suppression systems and... Cycling test and long-term storage, which originate from interfacial reactions between LTO and electrolyte See... Reduction mechanisms of ethylene carbonate, H.-F., Gao, J.-K., and ignition of gas.