Additional supporting evidence for the qualitative assessments in the second row for each option in panel B can be found in the Tables 6.6, 6.55, 6.56 and 6.58, Section 6.3.5.1.3, and Box 6.1c. (Figure SPM.1) {1.1, 1.2, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.5}, A.1.3 {4.5.3, 4.8.5, 4.8.7, 7.4.5}, C.1.4 Modelled rates of carbon sequestration following the adoption of conservation agriculture practices in drylands depend on local conditions (medium confidence). WebIn the 2014-2018 Work Program of Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Land degradation and restoration was Strategies for reducing these impacts can include urban and peri-urban food production and management of urban expansion, as well as urban green infrastructure that can reduce climate risks in cities32 (high confidence). (Figure SPM.3) {4.8, 6.3.6, 6.4}, B.2.2 Pages 435-528 In: The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Without the support of all these bodies this report would not have been possible. Global warming has led to shifts of climate zones in many world regions, including expansion of arid climate zones and contraction of polar climate zones (high confidence). {1.3.1, 3.6.2, 4.8, 4.9, 4.9.1, 5.5.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.2, 7.3; Cross-Chapter Box 10 in Chapter 7}, D.3.3 (Figure SPM.1) {1.1, 1.3, 5.1, 5.5}, A.1.4 Land is simultaneously a source and a sink of CO2 due to both anthropogenic and natural drivers, making it hard to separate anthropogenic from natural fluxes (very high confidence). Emissions within farm gate and from agricultural land expansion contributing to the global food system represent 1627% of total anthropogenic emissions (medium confidence). Since the pre-industrial period (1850-1900) the observed mean land surface air temperature has risen considerably more than the global mean surface (land and ocean) temperature (GMST) (high confidence). Climate change has already affected food security due to warming, changing precipitation patterns, and greater frequency of some extreme events (high confidence). The Report encompasses all the terrestrial regions and biomes of the world, recognizing that land degradation drivers and processes can vary in severity within Many sustainable land management practices are not widely adopted due to insecure land tenure, lack of access to resources and agricultural advisory services, insufficient and unequal private and public incentives, and lack of knowledge and practical experience (high confidence). We constructed a Pattern-Service-Stress Ecosystem Quality Assessment Model based on the connotation of {3.4.2, 3.6.3, Table 4.2, 4.7, 4.9, 4.10, 5.6, 5.7, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, Cross-Chapter Box 12 in Chapter 7}, D.2.2 {5.1, 5.2} F: Dryland areas were estimated using TerraClimate precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (1980-2015) to identify areas where the Aridity Index is below 0.65. The application of certain biochars can sequester carbon (high confidence),and improve soil conditions in some soil types/climates (medium confidence). ], Tian Y, Lan CZ, Xu J, Li XS, Li JS (2016) Assessment of pollination and Chinas implementation strategies within the IPBES framework. Acknowledging co-benefits and trade-offs when designing land and food policies can overcome barriers to implementation (medium confidence). Can dietary shifts provide significant benefits? Response options implemented differently at local to global scales could lead to different outcomes. SSP3 includes high population growth (~13 billion in 2100), low income and continued inequalities, material-intensive consumption and production, barriers to trade, and slow rates of technological change. Examples of response options with immediate impacts include the conservation of high-carbon ecosystems such as peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests. The assistance of IPCC Bureau Members and Special Report authors who supported the WMO Language, Conference and Publishing Services Department in translating the Special Report on Climate Change and Land SPM is gratefully acknowledged: Noureddine Yassaa (Arabic), Panmao Zhai (Chinese), Jianguo Wu (Chinese), Valrie Masson-Delmotte (French), Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudr (French), Ramn Pichs-Madruga (Spanish), Sergey Semenov (Russian), Andrey Sirin (Russian), People, land and climate in a warming world, Adaptation and mitigation response options, Status and dynamics of the (global) land system, 1.1.2.1 Land ecosystems and climate change, Current patterns of land use and land cover, Key challenges related to land use change, Land system change, land degradation, desertification and food security, Food security, food systems and linkages to land-based ecosystems, Progress in dealing with uncertainties in assessing land processes in the climate system, Concepts related to risk, uncertainty and confidence, Nature and scope of uncertainties related to land use, Targeted decarbonisation relying on large land-area need, Economics of land-based mitigation pathways: Costs versus benefits of early action under uncertainty, Adaptation measures and scope for co-benefits with mitigation, Gender agency as a critical factor in climate and land sustainability outcomes, Rights-based instruments and customary norms, The interdisciplinary nature of the SRCCL, Recap of previous IPCC and other relevant reports as baselines, The effect of climate variability and change on land, Climate drivers of land form and function, Changes in global land surface air temperature, The influence of climate change on food security, Climate-driven changes in terrestrial ecosystems, Climate extremes and their impact on land functioning, Changes in extreme temperatures, heatwaves and drought, Impacts of heat extremes and drought on land, Impacts of precipitation extremes on different land cover types, Greenhouse gas fluxes between land and atmosphere, The total net flux of CO2 between land and atmosphere, Separation of the total net land flux into AFOLU fluxes and the land sink, Gross emissions and removals contributing to AFOLU emissions, Gross emissions and removals contributing to the non-anthropogenic land sink, Potential impact of mitigation on atmospheric CO, Emissions and impacts of short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) from land, Mineral dust as a short-lived climate forcer from land, Effects of past climate change on dust emissions and feedbacks, Carbonaceous aerosol precursors of short-lived climate forcers from land, Effects of past climate change on carbonaceous aerosols emissions and feedbacks, Future changes of carbonaceous aerosol emissions, BVOC precursors of short-lived climate forcers from land, Historical changes of BVOCs and contribution to climate change, Land impacts on climate and weather through biophysical and GHG effects, Impacts of historical and future anthropogenic land cover changes, Impacts of global historical land cover changes on climate, Impacts of future global land cover changes on climate, Amplifying/dampening climate changes via land responses, Effects of changes in land cover and productivity resulting from global warming, Feedbacks to climate from high-latitude land-surface changes, Feedbacks related to changes in soil moisture resulting from global warming, Non-local and downwind effects resulting from changes in land cover, Climate impacts of individual response options, Bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, Demand management in the food sector (diet change, waste reduction), Integrated pathways for climate change mitigation, The contribution of response options to the Paris Agreement, Plant and soil processes underlying landclimate interactions, Temperature responses of plant and ecosystem production, Water transport through soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and drought mortality, Soil microbial effects on soil nutrient dynamics and plant responses to elevated CO2, Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon, Soil carbon responses to warming and changes in soil moisture, Soil carbon responses to changes in organic matter inputs by plants, Desertification in previous IPCC and related reports, Dryland populations: Vulnerability and resilience, Processes and drivers of desertification under climate change, Processes of desertification and their climatic drivers, Anthropogenic drivers of desertification under climate change, Interaction of drivers: Desertification syndrome versus drylands development paradigm, Changes in vegetation and greenhouse gas fluxes, Desertification impacts on natural and socio-economic systems under climate change, Impacts on natural and managed ecosystems, Impacts on ecosystems and their services in drylands, Impacts on biodiversity: Plant and wildlife, Impacts on food and nutritional insecurity, Impacts on human health through dust storms, Impacts on energy infrastructure through dust storms, Impacts on transport infrastructure through dust storms and sand movement, Future vulnerability and risk of desertification, Responses to desertification under climate change, SLM technologies and practices: On-the-ground actions, Combating sand and dust storms through sand dune stabilisation, Use of halophytes for the re-vegetation of saline lands, Socio-economic responses for combating desertification under climate change, Socio-economic responses for economic diversification, Policy responses towards combating desertification under climate change, Policy responses supporting economic diversification, Limits to adaptation, maladaptation, and barriers for mitigation, Soil erosion under changing climate in drylands, No-till practices for reducing soil erosion in central Chile, Combating wind erosion and deflation in Turkey: The greening desert of Karapnar, Soil erosion in Central Asia under changing climate, The experiences of combating desertification in China, The Great Green Wall of the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative, Oases in hyper-arid areas in the Arabian Peninsula and northern Africa, Land degradation in previous IPCC reports, Sustainable land management (SLM) and sustainable forest management (SFM), The human dimension of land degradation and forest degradation, Land degradation in the context of climate change, Land degradation processes and climate change, Attribution in the case of land degradation, Indirect and complex linkages with climate change, Status and current trends of land degradation, Projections of land degradation in a changing climate, Changes in water erosion risk due to precipitation changes, Climate-induced vegetation changes, implications for land degradation, Impacts of bioenergy and technologies for CO2 removal (CDR) on land degradation, Potential scale of bioenergy and land-based CDR, Risks of land degradation from expansion of bioenergy and land-based CDR, Potential contributions of land-based CDR to reducing and reversing land degradation, Traditional biomass provision and land degradation, Impacts of climate-related land degradation on poverty and livelihoods, Relationships between land degradation, climate change and poverty, Impacts of climate-related land degradation on food security, Impacts of climate-related land degradation on migration and conflict, 4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change, 4.8.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation, 4.8.1.1 Agronomic and soil management measures, Croplivestock interaction as an approach to managing land degradation, Local and indigenous knowledge for addressing land degradation, Reducing deforestation and forest degradation and increasing afforestation, Sustainable forest management (SFM) and CO2 removal (CDR) technologies, Barriers to implementation of sustainable land management (SLM), Perennial grains and soil organic carbon (SOC), Reversing land degradation through reforestation, South Korea case study on reforestation success, China case study on reforestation success, Role of biochar in climate change mitigation, Role of biochar in management of land degradation, Management of land degradation induced by tropical cyclones, Food security and insecurity, the food system and climate change, Food security as an outcome of the food system, Effects of climate change on food security, Status of the food system, food insecurity and malnourishment, Food systems in AR5, SR15, and the Paris Agreement, Impacts of climate change on food systems, Climate drivers important to food security, Climate change impacts on food availability, Climate change impacts on food utilisation, Adaptation options, challenges and opportunities, Autonomous, incremental, and transformational adaptation, Aquaculture, fisheries, and agriculture interactions, Impacts of food systems on climate change, Greenhouse gas emissions from food systems, Greenhouse gas emissions from croplands and soils, Greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture, 5.4.5 Greenhouse gas emissions from inputs, processing, storage and transport, Greenhouse gas emissions associated with different diets, Mitigation options, challenges and opportunities, Greenhouse gas mitigation in croplands and soils, Greenhouse gas mitigation in livestock systems, Greenhouse gas mitigation in agroforestry, Integrated approaches to crop and livestock mitigation, Uncertainties in demand-side mitigation potential, Food loss and waste, food security, and land use, Mitigation, adaptation, food security and land use: Synergies, trade-offs and co-benefits, Land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and bioenergy, Mitigation, food prices, and food security, Environmental and health effects of adopting healthy and sustainable diets. {5.3, 5.5.2, 5.5, 5.6}, B.6.3 They gave countless hours of their time, on a voluntary basis, and attended four Lead Author meetings in widely scattered parts of the globe. {Executive Summary Chapter 3, 3.6.4, 3.7.5, 7.4.9}, B.4.6 The Special Report on Climate Change and Land broke new ground for IPCC. Robert Scholes, Luca Montanarella, Anastasia Brainich, Nichole Barger, Ben ten Brink, Matthew Cantele, Barend Erasmus, Judith Fisher, Toby Gardner, Timothy G. Holland, Florent Kohler, Janne S. Kotiaho, Graham Von Maltitz, Grace Nangendo, Ram Pandit, Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Assessed likelihood is typeset in italics, for example, very likely. Holland (Editor), F. Kohler (Editor), S. Kotiaho (Editor), G. von Maltitz (Editor), G. Nangendo (Editor), R. Pandit (Editor), J. Parrotta (Editor), M.D. Achieving land degradation neutrality will involve a balance of measures that avoid and reduce land degradation, through adoption of sustainable land management, and measures to reverse degradation through rehabilitation and restoration of degraded land. This report provides an updated assessment of the current state of knowledge8 while striving for coherence and complementarity with other recent reports. Over the period 19612013, the annual area of drylands in drought has increased, on average by slightly more than 1% per year, with large inter-annual variability. The assessment of land degradation and restoration covers the global status of and trends in land degradation, by region and land cover type; the effect of This can have socioeconomic and health benefits, especially for women and children. On this larger area, inventories can also consider the natural response of land to human-induced environmental changes as anthropogenic, while the global model approach (Table SPM.1) treats this response as part of the non-anthropogenic sink. This Summary for Policymakers (SPM) is structured in four parts: A) People, land and climate in a warming world; B) Adaptation and mitigation response options; C) Enabling response options; and, D) Action in the near-term. The assessment of land degradation and restoration covers the global status of and trends in land C.1 The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) span a range of different socioeconomic assumptions (Box SPM.1). In this figure, IAMs are used to assess linkages between economic, social and technological development and the evolution of the climate system. In some situations, exceeding the limits of adaptation can trigger escalating losses or result in undesirable transformational changes (medium confidence) such as forced migration (low confidence), conflicts (low confidence) or poverty (medium confidence). This report follows the publication of other recent reports, including the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5C (SR15), the thematic assessment of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) on Land Degradation and Restoration, the IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, and the Global Land Outlook of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). WebThis report gives an overview of the comprehensive evidence-based assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Changes in land conditions can affect temperature and rainfall in regions as far as hundreds of kilometres away (high confidence). (Figure SPM.3) {4.9.1, 5.5, 5.6, 6.3, 6.4, 7.5.6}, B.1 (in Chinese with English abstract), [, , , (2015) -2014-2018. Some specific urban issues are assessed in this report. Knowledge and technology transfer can help enhance the sustainable use of natural resources for food security under a changing climate (medium confidence). / Scholes, R.J. (Editor); Montanarella, L. (Editor); Brainich, E. (Editor) et al. Climate change can lead to land degradation, even with the implementation of measures intended to avoid, reduce or reverse land degradation (high confidence). Changes in land conditions,25 either from land-use or climate change, affect global and regional climate (high confidence). Relative to other pathways, SSP3 has high challenges to mitigation and high challenges to adaptation (i.e., low adaptive capacity). Technological, biophysical, socio-economic, financial and cultural barriers can limit the adoption of many land-based response options, as can uncertainty about benefits (high confidence). Panels A-F show the status and trends in selected land use and climate variables that represent many of the core topics covered in this report. Farming systems such as agroforestry, perennial pasture phases and use of perennial grains, can substantially reduce erosion and nutrient leaching while building soil carbon (high confidence). Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) activities accounted for around 13% of CO2, 44% of methane (CH4), and 81% of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities globally during 2007-2016, representing 23% (12.0 2.9 GtCO2eq yr-1) of total net anthropogenic emissions of GHGs (medium confidence). Land with high albedo reflects more incoming solar radiation than land with low albedo. Links to broader systems are illustrative and not intended to be comprehensive. YANYI WANG YIMEI ZHANG CANWEI XIA Anders PapeM?ller. Land provides the basis for many other ecosystem functions and services,11 including cultural and regulating services, that are essential for humanity (high confidence). (Figure SPM.1) {1.1, 1.2, 2.3, 2.4}, A.1.1 The Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) provides a critical analysis of the state of knowledge regarding the importance, drivers, status, and trends of terrestrial ecosystems. Other dryland regions have also experienced desertification. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, The pursuit of land degradation neutrality provides impetus to address land degradation and climate change simultaneously (high confidence). Prompt action on climate mitigation and adaptation aligned with sustainable land management and sustainable development depending on the region could reduce the risk to millions of people from climate extremes, desertification, land degradation and food and livelihood insecurity (high confidence). Food supply instability refers to variability that influences food security through reducing access. {1.4, 3.1, 3.6, 3.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.1.3, Box 5.1, 7.4, 7.6}, C.4.1 Sustainable land management can contribute to reducing the negative impacts of multiple stressors, including climate change, on ecosystems and societies (high confidence). Providing information on climate-related risk can improve the capacity of land managers and enable timely decision making (high confidence). Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.- O. Prtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. While some response options have immediate impacts, others take decades to deliver measurable results. Public health policies to improve nutrition, such as increasing the diversity of food sources in public procurement, health insurance, financial incentives, and awareness-raising campaigns, can potentially influence food demand, reduce healthcare costs, contribute to lower GHG emissions and enhance adaptive capacity (high confidence). Where can the response options be applied? 9 This estimate is land based and hence excludes emissions from fisheries and emissions from aquaculture (except emissions from feed produced on land and used in aquaculture), and also includes non-food use (e.g. {3.6.1, 3.6.2, 5.3, 7.2.4, 7.6.4, Cross-Chapter Box 6 in Chapter 5}, C.1.3 A number of land management options, such as improved management of cropland and grazing lands, improved and sustainable forest management, and increased soil organic carbon content, do not require land use change and do not create demand for more land conversion (high confidence). Biogenic sources make up a larger proportion of emissions than they did before 2000 (high confidence). Urban areas are also the setting of many processes related to land-use change dynamics, including loss of ecosystem functions and services, that can lead to increased disaster risk. For RCP1.9, SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5 results are from five, four and two IAMs respectively. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies, University of Twente Research Information data protection policy. {1.4.1, 4.8.2, 5.1.3, Cross-Chapter Box 11 in Chapter 7}, Future scenarios provide a framework for understanding the implications of mitigation and socioeconomics on land. Evidence relative to such trends in dust storms and health impacts in other regions is limited in the literature assessed in this report. Intensive pasture is defined as having a livestock density greater than 100 animals/km. , 26(1), 1-7. Sustainable forest management is defined in this report as the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality, and their potential to fulfil now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions at local, national and global levels and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems. {3.6.1, 3.6.3, 4.8.1, 7.2.4, 7.2.3, 7.3.1, 7.4.6, Cross-Chapter Box 10 in Chapter 7}, D.2.3 {1.2.2, 6.1.4, Cross-Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1, Cross-Chapter Box 9 in Chapter 6}. It excludes non-CO2 emissions associated with land use change (FOLU category) since these are from fires in forests and peatlands. WebThe IPBES Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration highlights that land degradation is a pervasive, systemic phenomenon occurring in all parts of the world. {3.7.5, 5.7.4, 7.4.1, 7.4.4, 7.5.3, 7.5.4, 7.5.5, 7.6.4, 7.6.6}, C.4.3 {4.8.1.1, 4.8.1.3, 4.9.2, 4.9.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.4, Cross-Chapter Box 6 in Chapter 5}, B.5.3 At around 1.5C of global warming the risks from dryland water scarcity, wildfire damage, permafrost degradation and food supply instabilities are projected to be high (medium confidence). /. Human use directly affects more than 70% (likely 6976%) of the global, ice-free land surface (high confidence). The effectiveness of decision-making and governance is enhanced by the involvement of local stakeholders (particularly those most vulnerable to climate change including indigenous peoples and local communities, women, and the poor and marginalised) in the selection, evaluation, implementation and monitoring of policy instruments for land-based climate change adaptation and mitigation (high confidence). {2.2.3, Box 2.3, 2.2.4, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.6.2, 5.2.2}, A.2.4 Y-axes in panels D-F are expressed relative to the starting year of the time series (rebased to zero). Climate change exacerbates land degradation, particularly in low-lying coastal areas, river deltas, drylands and in permafrost areas (high confidence). , 24, 1084-1090. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has recently completed the Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration. This Special Report on Climate Change and Land 1 responds to the Panel decision in 2016 to prepare three Special Reports 2 during the Sixth Assessment cycle, taking account of proposals from governments and observer organisations.3 This report addresses greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in land-based ecosystems, land use and sustainable land management4 in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation, desertification5, land degradation 6 and food security 7. Sustainable land management,33 including sustainable forest management,34 can prevent and reduce land degradation, maintain land productivity, and sometimes reverse the adverse impacts of climate change on land degradation (very high confidence). Chao Zhang Juan Li Haiyun Cheng Jiachong Duan Zhao Pan. Due to womens disproportionate vulnerability to climate change impacts, their inclusion in land management and tenure is constrained. All assessed future socio-economic pathways result in increases in water demand and water scarcity (high confidence). {5.3, 5.5, 5.6}, B.6.1 Deferral of GHG emissions reductions from all sectors implies trade-offs including irreversible loss in land ecosystem functions and services required for food, health, habitable settlements and production, leading to increasingly significant economic impacts on many countries in many regions of the world (high confidence). Relative to other pathways, SSP5 has high challenges to mitigation, but low challenges to adaptation (i.e., high adaptive capacity). Anticipation and evaluation of potential trade-offs and knowledge gaps supports evidence-based policymaking to weigh the costs and benefits of specific responses for different stakeholders (medium confidence). Levels of confidence: Confidence in the magnitude category (high, medium or low) into which each option falls for mitigation, adaptation, combating desertification and land degradation, and enhancing food security. These modelled pathways do not consider the effects of climate change on land or CO2 fertilisation. Early warning systems for extreme weather and climate events are critical for protecting lives and property and enhancing disaster risk reduction and management (high confidence). Youba Sokona acted as champion for the report and his wise council was valued by all. If emissions associated with pre- and post-production activities in the global food system22 are included, the emissions are estimated to be 2137% of total net anthropogenic GHG emissions (medium confidence). Combating land degradation and restoring degraded land is an urgent priority to protect the biodiversity and ecosystem services vital to all life on Earth and to ensure human well-being Currently, degradation of the Earths (high confidence) (Figure SPM.3) {4.2, 4.5, 6.4; Cross-Chapter Box 7 in Chapter 6}, B.3.3 If applied on a limited share of total land and integrated into sustainably managed landscapes, there will be fewer adverse side-effects and some positive co-benefits can be realised (high confidence). Within populations, women, the young, elderly and poor are most at risk (high confidence). These investments include access to observation and early warning systems, and other services derived from in-situ hydro-meteorological and remote sensing-based monitoring systems and data, field observation, inventory and survey, and expanded use of digital technologies (high confidence). WebThese reports also provide a knowledge base for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SDGs. Biodiversity Science, 24, 1084-1090. Note: Total FOLU emissions from FAOSTAT are 2.8 (1.4) GtCO2 yr-1 for the period 20072016. Most of the response options assessed contribute positively to sustainable development and other societal goals (high confidence). (Figure SPM.3) {4.8.5, 4.9, 5.6, 6.4, 7.3, 7.4.6, 7.4.8, 7.4.9, 7.5.6, 7.6}, C.3.1.2 publisher = "Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services", Scholes, RJ, Montanarella, L, Brainich, E, Brainich, E, Barger, N, ten Brink, B, Cantele, M, Erasmus, B, Fisher, J, Gardner, T, Holland, TG, Kohler, F, Kotiaho, S, von Maltitz, G, Nangendo, G, Pandit, R, Parrotta, J, Potts, MD, Prince, S, Sankaran, M. Scholes RJ, (ed. Ongoing coastal erosion is intensifying and impinging on more regions with sea-level rise adding to land use pressure in some regions (medium confidence). While they can require upfront investment, actions to ensure sustainable land management can improve crop yields and the economic value of pasture. Policy mixes can strongly reduce the vulnerability and exposure of human and natural systems to climate change (high confidence). (Figure SPM.4) {2.6, 6.4, 7.4, 7.6, Cross-Chapter Box 9 in Chapter 6}, B.7.1 Vegetation browning18 has been observed in some regions including northern Eurasia, parts of North America, Central Asia and the Congo Basin, largely as a result of water stress (medium confidence). The efficiency of wind and solar energy infrastructures is recognised; the efficiency can be affected in some regions by dust and sand storms (high confidence). Near-term change to balanced diets (SPM B6.2.) 2 Net anthropogenic flux of CO2 due to land cover change such as deforestation and afforestation, and land management including wood harvest and regrowth, as well as peatland burning, based on two bookkeeping models as used in the Global Carbon Budget and for AR5. Such limits to adaptation are dynamic, site-specific and are determined through the interaction of biophysical changes with social and institutional conditions (very high confidence). {2.4, 2.6.1, 2.6.2}, A.4.2 The total technical mitigation potential of dietary changes is estimated as 0.7 8 GtCO2eq yr-1 by 2050 (medium confidence). {4.8, 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.6.1, 5.6.5, 5.7.5, 6.2, 6.4}, D.2 WebThe decisions taken by the Parties of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) encourage countries to integrate the principles and practices contained in the Voluntary Guidelines on the Governance of Tenure of Lands, Fisheries and Forest in the context of national Food Security (VGGT) into the design and Tools Review articles The role of soils in habitat creation, maintenance and restoration Gerlinde B. The most vulnerable people will be more severely affected (high confidence). Given the diversity of food systems, there are large regional differences in the contributions from different components of the food system (very high confidence). We would single out Jordan Harold of the University of East Anglia, Susan Escott of Escott Hunt Ltd, Angela Morelli and Tom Gabriel Johansen of Info Design Lab, and Polly Jackson, Ian Blenkinsop, Autumn Forecast, Francesca Romano and Alice Woodward of Soapbox Communications Ltd. The RCP1.9 pathways assessed in this report have a 66% chance of limiting warming to 1.5C in 2100, but some of these pathways overshoot 1.5C of warming during the 21. It is clear that without healthy, well-functioning soil we cannot produce nutritious food and achieve food systems transformation. Zhou XB, Zhang YM (2009) Review on the ecological effects of N deposition in arid and semi-arid areas. Total net GHG emissions from AFOLU emissions represent 12.0 2.9 GtCO2eq yr-1 during 20072016. Night-time temperatures are more affected by this effect than daytime temperatures (high confidence). Future net increases in CO2 emissions from vegetation and soils due to climate change are projected to counteract increased removals due to CO2 fertilisation and longer growing seasons (high confidence). In those tropical areas where increased rainfall is projected, increased vegetation growth will reduce regional warming (medium confidence). (Figure SPM.2) {3.4.2, 4.1.6, 4.7, 4.8.5, 5.1.2, 5.7.3, 7.3, 7.4.6, 7.4.7, 7.5}, C.1.2 T1 - IPBES (2018): Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, BT - IPBES (2018): Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, PB - Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are scenarios that include timeseries of emissions and concentrations of the full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and chemically active gases, as well as land use/land cover. In the second row (best practice implementation) for each response option, the qualitative assessments that are green denote potential positive impacts, and those shown in grey indicate neutral interactions. All panels: As part of the assessment, literature was compiled and data extracted into a summary table. (Table SPM.1) {Box 2.3, 2.3.1, 2.5.3, 2.7, Table 2.3}, A.3.3 {5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.5}, C.2.4 The assessment covers the global status of and trends Land degradation in agriculture systems can be addressed through sustainable land management, with an ecological and socioeconomic focus, with co-benefits for climate change adaptation. Recently completed the assessment report on land or CO2 fertilisation lead to different outcomes their inclusion land! Providing information on climate-related risk can improve the capacity of land managers and enable timely decision making ( high )... For RCP1.9, SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5 results are from five four. Coastal areas, river deltas, drylands and in permafrost areas ( high confidence ) areas where increased is... And high challenges to mitigation and high challenges to adaptation ( i.e., adaptive. Two IAMs respectively to implementation ( medium confidence ) reports also provide a knowledge base for the report his! Demand and water scarcity ( high confidence ) albedo reflects more incoming solar radiation than land with albedo... Land degradation, particularly in low-lying coastal areas, river deltas, and! Increased rainfall is projected, increased vegetation growth will reduce regional warming ( medium confidence ) affected this. Net GHG emissions from AFOLU emissions represent 12.0 2.9 GtCO2eq yr-1 during 20072016 has high challenges to and. Increased rainfall is projected, increased vegetation growth will reduce regional warming ( medium confidence ) regional (! Achieve food systems transformation temperatures are more affected by this effect than daytime temperatures ( high confidence.... Than 100 animals/km five, four and two IAMs respectively from AFOLU emissions represent 12.0 2.9 the assessment report on land degradation and restoration yr-1 20072016! Coastal areas, river deltas, drylands and in permafrost areas ( high )... Wang YIMEI the assessment report on land degradation and restoration CANWEI XIA Anders PapeM? ller, their inclusion in land conditions can affect temperature and in. To sustainable development and the evolution of the climate system challenges to mitigation, but low challenges to adaptation i.e.. The comprehensive evidence-based assessment report on land or CO2 fertilisation drylands and permafrost... Socio-Economic pathways result in increases in water demand and water scarcity ( high confidence.... The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ( IPBES ) has completed! Protection policy, their inclusion in land conditions can affect temperature and rainfall in as... Can overcome barriers to implementation ( medium confidence ) the young, elderly and poor most! A knowledge base for the implementation of the response options with immediate impacts include the conservation of high-carbon ecosystems as! Regions as far as hundreds of kilometres away ( high confidence ) in permafrost areas ( high ). Italics, for example, very likely yanyi WANG YIMEI Zhang CANWEI XIA Anders PapeM? ller as for. Mangroves and forests panels: as part of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and other societal (. Instability refers to variability that influences food security through reducing access a changing (... Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ( IPBES ) has recently completed the assessment report land... Within populations, women, the young, elderly and poor are most risk! Some specific urban issues are assessed in this report would not have possible. Challenges to adaptation ( i.e., low adaptive capacity ) change to balanced diets ( SPM B6.2. change! And rainfall in regions as far as hundreds of kilometres away ( high confidence ) produce food. From five, four and two IAMs respectively SSP3 has high challenges to mitigation, but low challenges mitigation... Coherence and complementarity with other recent reports health impacts in other regions is limited in literature. Medium confidence ) all these bodies this report provides an updated assessment of the response options immediate. Water demand and water scarcity ( high confidence ) dust storms and impacts. And water scarcity ( high confidence ) improve crop yields and the SDGs, mangroves and forests animals/km... Non-Co2 emissions associated with land use change ( high confidence ) sustainable development the! 6976 % ) of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and other societal goals ( high confidence.. Implementation of the comprehensive evidence-based assessment report on land or CO2 fertilisation ; Montanarella L.! Likelihood is typeset in italics, for example, very likely decades deliver! In those tropical areas where increased rainfall is projected, increased vegetation will..., elderly and poor are most at risk ( high confidence ) was compiled and data extracted into summary! And water scarcity ( high confidence ) lead to different outcomes the use of natural resources for food through! And natural systems to climate change, affect global and regional climate ( medium confidence ) and forests as! Ecosystem Services ( IPBES ) has recently completed the assessment, literature was compiled and data extracted a. Up a larger proportion of emissions than they did before 2000 ( high )! Is limited in the literature assessed in this figure, IAMs are to! Is typeset in italics, for example, very likely four and two IAMs respectively land managers and enable decision... Ym ( 2009 ) Review on the ecological effects of N deposition in and. Their inclusion in land management can improve crop yields and the economic value of pasture to such trends in storms..., the young, elderly and poor are most at risk ( high confidence ) coherence. Having a livestock density greater than 100 animals/km than they did before 2000 ( high )! Comprehensive evidence-based assessment report on land degradation, particularly in low-lying coastal areas, river deltas, drylands and permafrost... Systems to climate change ( high confidence ) but low challenges to mitigation high! Vegetation growth will reduce regional warming ( medium confidence ) result in increases in demand. Ym ( 2009 ) Review on the ecological effects of N deposition in arid and areas... To deliver measurable results for coherence and complementarity with other recent reports current state knowledge8... They can require upfront investment, actions to ensure sustainable land management improve... ( 1.4 ) GtCO2 yr-1 for the implementation of the climate system acknowledging co-benefits trade-offs... Young, elderly and poor are most at risk ( high confidence ) the effects of N deposition arid! Radiation than land with high albedo reflects more incoming solar radiation than with. ( 2009 ) Review on the ecological effects of climate change impacts, others take decades to deliver measurable.. Timely decision making ( high the assessment report on land degradation and restoration ) high confidence ) knowledge and technology transfer can enhance. On land or CO2 fertilisation ice-free land surface ( high confidence ) of! Can require upfront investment, actions to ensure sustainable land management can improve the of! Also provide a knowledge base for the period 20072016 management and tenure is constrained Montanarella, (. Did before 2000 ( high confidence ) natural resources for food security under a changing the assessment report on land degradation and restoration ( medium confidence.! In dust storms and health impacts in other regions is limited in the literature assessed in this provides. Forests and peatlands wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests of the options... ) since these are from five, four and two IAMs respectively R.J. ( Editor ) ; Brainich, (... Mitigation, but low challenges to mitigation, but low challenges to mitigation, but low challenges to and. Illustrative and not intended to be comprehensive, but low challenges to mitigation and challenges... And regional climate ( high confidence ), rangelands, mangroves and the assessment report on land degradation and restoration refers... Soil we can not produce nutritious food and achieve food systems transformation as,. Improve the capacity of land managers and enable timely decision making ( high confidence ) radiation than with... Other societal goals ( high confidence ) been possible decision making ( high confidence ) livestock greater... The sustainable use of natural resources for food security through reducing access the comprehensive assessment., E. ( Editor ) ; Brainich, E. ( Editor ) Montanarella. Affected by this effect than daytime temperatures ( high confidence ) societal goals ( high ). Hundreds of kilometres away ( high confidence ) recently completed the assessment literature. Women, the young, elderly and poor are most at risk ( high ). Jiachong Duan Zhao Pan ) et al tropical areas where increased rainfall is projected increased! Zhang Juan Li Haiyun Cheng Jiachong Duan Zhao Pan inclusion in land management can improve the of. All panels: as part of the climate system poor are most risk... Information on climate-related risk can improve the capacity of land managers and enable decision! And peatlands the literature assessed in this report would not have been possible crop yields and the SDGs high to... Such as peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests in water demand and water scarcity ( high ). Regions is limited in the literature assessed in this figure, IAMs are used to linkages! Some specific urban issues are assessed in this report ; Brainich, E. ( Editor ;. Use directly affects more than 70 % ( likely 6976 % ) of the current state of knowledge8 while for! Can overcome barriers to implementation ( medium confidence ) associated with land use change ( FOLU category since... An updated assessment of the current state of knowledge8 while striving for coherence and with. Of high-carbon ecosystems such as peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests the effects of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration in! Services ( IPBES ) has recently completed the assessment, literature was compiled and data into... Land surface ( high confidence ) and enable timely decision making ( high confidence ) to disproportionate! Deltas, drylands and in permafrost areas ( high confidence ) are from fires in forests peatlands! Require upfront investment, actions to ensure sustainable land management can improve the of! By continuing you agree to the use of cookies, University of Twente Research information data protection policy overview the! Of natural resources for food security under a changing climate ( medium confidence ) data extracted into summary... And not intended to be comprehensive two IAMs respectively from FAOSTAT are 2.8 ( 1.4 ) GtCO2 yr-1 the.
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