FAO. Climate change and inefficient use of water resources are posing severe consequences both on water quality and availability, especially in drylands (Marques et al. Natural resources such as land, soil, forests, water, wildlife, rangelands, and biodiversity are considered as a resource base for the Ethiopian population. Forum for Environment, Amsalu A, Adem A (2009) Assessment of climate change-induced hazards, impacts and responses in the southern lowlands of Ethiopia. Overstocking and overgrazing including grazing of leftover residues on croplands after harvesting cause soil compaction due to heavy and continuous trampling by livestock (Haile et al. 2017). Soil erosion from farming plots has also serious external/off-site impacts having an indirect effect on society. Nationwide, livestock density data revealed that the current stocking rats on grazing/pasturelands are well above the optimum rates (Berry 2003). Revegetation in these areas is, therefore, obstructed (Bantider et al. Urban slums again are becoming major sources of pollution of all kinds; air, water, and noise (Kapur 2016). The term Resource had no special attention until the early twentieth century. J Environ Sci Water Resour 3:4052, Evans J, Geerken R (2004) Discrimination between climate and human-induced dryland degradation. Soil structure and the stability of soil aggregates are also dependent on microbial biomass. Conversely, acidic soils are most common in high rainfall areas (Endalew 2014). According to Sonneveld et al. The amount of forest resource coverage in Ethiopia has been studied by different bodies like FAO, Ethiopian Forestry Action Program (EFAP), Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project (WBISPP), etc., and individual reports including (Reusing 1998) at different time periods. Restoration of degraded land is key to enhancing land productivity and farmers' wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa. A decline in the organic matter has a long run and far-reaching effect on both chemical and physical properties of soils. 2014). 2020). There has been extensive deforestation in order to construct dwellings and houses for the people. These sections of society are not easily satisfied with the benefactions of basic necessities (enough food, clothes, and housing) but are also impatient to obtain a quality life of high nutritious food, health care, comfortable living, and other quality amenities (Hubacek et al. 2014). km in 2020, unchanged from the previous year. Hence, the maximum utilization of the resources and subsequent environmental pollutions do frequently exist (USAID 2006). Afforestation and reforestation activities are valuable in not only to address on-farm and off-farm dimensions of the soil erosion but are also helpful in improving soil fertility. Similarly, Assefa and Hans-Rudolf (2017) has discussed on natural resource management practices at the Gamo Highland of Ethiopia. Sustainability. Besides, more policy attention from the government together with intensive research and development works has to be made in order to build an enabling environment for sustainable natural resource conservation and management. Encroachment of farmland and pasture into the natural forests had also been a common practice in many parts of Ethiopia. When agroforestry systems are properly managed, it can absolutely be very beneficial for land users and their environments. 2018). 2016). Environmental communication using any possible media about disputing resources and other environmental affairs including all of the diverse interpersonal, group, public, organization, and mediated issues is an important exposition to disseminate factual information and create a common public understanding (Zikargae 2018). 2014; Siraj et al. It is mainly because forest grazing and browsing is a major source of feed for the vast livestock population. Environmental degradations caused by overexploitation of resources has reached to a level threatening the well-being of the Ethiopian population and their survival. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.039, NMSA (2001) Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources National Meteorological Services Agency. 2018). By merging all these studies, it can be shown that Ethiopia has been lost on average a 1.6% of its woody biomass annually through deforestation. Land degradation is widespread and has severe financial and social consequences and may sometimes be irrecoverable on a human time scale at manageable cost (Sisay et al. Causes of land degradation in Ethiopia Extensive use of cropland without improving it (nutrient mining) and Deforestation Cultivating steep slopes and marginal lands Inappropriate farming practices and technologies Large population making livelihoods from land (cultivation, use of forests/ tree based, grazing,) 2020). However, this view of resources, out of any locus to their functional aspect, is not acceptable for modern thinkers. Although indigenous SWC techniques date back to 400 BC, institutionalized SWC activity in Ethiopia became significant only after the 1970s. From such analysis, forest coverage has shown a decline by the rate from the maximum 2.9% to the minimum 0.6% in each study years. Int J Environ Prot Policy 2:2434. J Nat Resour Policy Res 7:221245. 2016). Degradation of natural resource entails the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems and extinction of biota (Gogoi 2013). It is, therefore, a great threat in this part of the country to bring the land improved in the future as it requires too much effort and resources (Taddese 2001; Wubie et al. Artic Press. Land degradation has been a concern for many years in Ethiopia especially in the highland parts; areas above 1500m altitude (Desta et al. (2007) report, the absence of comprehensive water resources management policy in Ethiopia has so far caused negative impacts on the advancement of water resources. Among the modern thinkers, Zimmermann and his supporters hold that resources are those elements from the earth which are capable of bringing human welfare. However, the area of land under irrigation so far is only 3% showing that water resources have made a little contribution to the development of irrigated agriculture till now (NMSA 2001). They are also under pressure from the surrounding communities in search of arable land, pastureland, or wood for fuel and other purposes. The Sentinel welcomes your letters to the editor. In a nutshell, all factors that ultimately reduce the production and decay of soil organic matter will heighten the risk of biological degradation. 2015). However, modern tree planting program (mainly eucalyptus tree) was started in 1895 by Emperor Menelik II primarily to address the scarcity of fuelwood (Pistorius et al. 2011; Jamal et al. This has enormously raised their level of resource consumption (Reusswig et al. J Geogr Environ Earth Sci Int 7:112. Conflicts, for instance ranges from disputes among local men and women over the use of trees to conflicts among neighboring communities disputing to control over pasturelands; and then to villages, community-based organizations, governments, international agencies, and NGOs over the use and management of large forest tracts, river flows, and others. Soil erosion is the degradation of land that could occur through water and wind erosion (Hurni et al. Furthermore, the effect of land use changes like expansion of the agricultural frontier and the migration of people towards pastoral lands, and surrounding fragile ecosystems could also be considered as the other form of off-site impacts of soil erosion (Tolessa et al. Different land use types had been converted to agricultural lands in various places of the world since time immemorial (FAO 2017; Moges and Bhat 2018). WebIt has an area of 1,127,127 square kilometers, slightly less than twice the size of Texas. (2010), forest products in areas around Bale Mountain were found to be important sources of income for the local population contributing to 34% of household per capita income and about 53% of its per capita cash income. Malta by Progress Press Ltd, VALLETTA, MALTA, USAID (2006) Issues in poverty reduction and natural resource management. However, elsewhere in the countrys report, deforestation since 2010 is likely to reach 1.25% per annum (Muleta et al. The state of natural resources in Ethiopia is under the influence of various interconnected factors such as population pressure, migration and resettlement, land-use changes for agriculture, environmental pollution, the change in climate, and rapid change in the lifestyle of people among others. Annu Rev Environ Resour 28:315358. Bonn, Germany tel, UNDPA, UNEP (2015) Natural resources and conflict: a guide for mediation practitioners. The dry montane forests are dominated by hard leaved evergreens whilst moist montane forests account for enormous broad-leaved and soft-leaved tree species (Bishaw 2009). For instance, about 3035% of the annual coffee production in Ethiopia is obtained directly from either wild or semi-managed coffee forests (Wakjira 2006). Some of the processed resources again had produced hazardous wastes and harmful pollutants that damage the environment (Gil and Rico 2009). In Ethiopia, where no pollution abatement mechanisms are well established, the problem is highly intensified and is causing cataclysmic damages. IPCC (2007) estimated that 2030% of the plant and animal species are at risk of extinction if temperatures reach the levels projected to occur by the end of this century. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2017.1400626, Belay K, Van RA, Poesen J, Van BS, Deckers J, Amare K (2015) Spatial analysis of land cover changes in Eastern Tigray (Ethiopia) from 1965 To 2007: are there signs of a forest transition? The other form of physical degradation of the soil is commonly taking place during overstocking in a limited grazing land. J Environ Res Manag 4:153162, Minstry of WaterResource (MoWR) (2002) Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources Water Sector Development Program Main Report Volume II, Moges DM, Bhat G (2018) An insight into land use/cover changes and their impacts in Rib watershed, North-western highland Ethiopia. As a result, environmental degradations from overexploitation of natural resources has reached a level of threatening human well-being and survival (Jouanjean et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2276, Gil R, Rico L (2009) Preventing environmental pollution through monitoring, clean technologies, education, economics and management. J Macromarketing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.010, Marino J (2003) Threatened Ethiopian wolves persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves. 2010; De Jong et al. It is a crucial natural resource both for survival and prosperity and serves as the principal source of income for the farming community. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 31:184195. In such instances, it becomes possible to control the undesirable social, cultural, environmental, and economic effects of the community on tourism and vice versa. 2010; Mekuriaw 2017; Abebe and Sewnet 2018; Wubie and Assen 2020). The greater demand required by an ever-increasing human population from the environment is putting excessive strain and drain on the earths limited natural resources (Gogoi 2013; Pacheco et al. To do so, we estimate the impact of RPD on: (1) household landholding; (2) factor and output prices including agricultural wage rates, along with maize prices, and teff prices; (3) fertilizer use per hectare; (4) maize and teff yields; and (5) farm income per hectare. But, at the government level, the impact of soil degradation was first recognized after the 19731974 famine that occurred in the highly degraded parts of the country such as Tigray and Wollo. They are the precious gifts of nature to human beings and other life forms (Gogoi 2013). Measure: HB3414 I strongly oppose HB3414! In addition, conflicts could also arise among rural users over access to or control over such limited resources (Arsiso et al. Nationally, by taking 2001 as a baseline year, land use changes had shown significant increases in the cropped area (33%) and shrub lands (7%). Different types of agroforestry system do exist such as alley cropping, silvopasture, home gardens, multilayer tree gardens, multipurpose trees on croplands or shelterbelts where rows of trees are planted widely spaced in between annual crops or windbreaks and buffer strips of trees in different ways (Stavi and Lal 2015). The study Most of the national parks and protected areas of the country have always been entangled in a multitude of problems. Much of the surface water in Ethiopia, however, flows towards the neighboring countries by the trans-boundary rivers (Awulachew et al. 2016). According to FAOs framework for land evaluation (FAO 1981), land is a delineable area of the Earths terrestrial surface which encompasses the physical environment including soil, spatial variability of landscape, climate, hydrology, vegetation and fauna, as well as land management practices and the influence potentials for land use. In: Melesse AM, Abtew W, Setegn SG (eds) Nile river basin: ecohydrological challenges, climate change and hydropolitics. Mekelle University, Ethiopia, Hao W (2016) Study on process economics of natural resource utilization. The situation is even worse when it comes to sowing fine seeds like teff (Eragrostis tef) which demand fine seedbeds and cattle trampling to compact the soils for better germination and weed control. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2018.07.012, Mekuriaw A (2017) Assessing the effectiveness of land resource management practices on erosion and vegetative cover using GIS and remote sensing techniques in Melaka watershed. Soil erosion impacts may also be viewed in prompting farmers need to apply more inputs in their farmlands to maintain soil productivity; and hence, subject them for more expense in the process of attaining soil fertility for better yield (Gebreselassie et al. Another key driver of the problem is lack of capacity and/or commitment to address the problem appropriately (Angessa et al. Ethiopia land area was at level of 1.13 million sq. Among which, the most important ones are forest coffee, gum and incense, and honey and wax (Lemenih and Woldemariam 2010). 2014). Bern, Geographica Bernensia, pp 187207, Hurni H, Berhe W, Chadhokar P, Daniel D, Gete Z, Grunder M, Kassaye G (2016) Soil and waterconservation in ethiopia: guideline for development agents, 2nd Edition. However, this interaction might be diminished and/or ceased by land degradation depending on its extent (Turner II et al. So far, however, only a very small amount of this huge potential is utilized in the country. Google Scholar, Adimassu Z, Mekonnen K, Yirga C, Kessler A (2014) Effect of soil bunds on runoff, soil and nutrient losses, and crop yield in the central highlands of Ethiopia. In terms of water consumption, a very small proportion of water resource is used (Awulachew and Yilma 2008) all over the country. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00660-5, Wubie MA, Assen M, Nicolau MD (2016) Patterns, causes and consequences of land use/cover dynamics in the Gumara watershed of lake Tana basin, Northwestern Ethiopia. Land degradation refers to a process of soil degradation through water erosion and losses of vegetation cover leading to reduced productivity of the land in densely settled or exploitatively used regions (Nyssen et al. This has led to the occurrence of recurrent droughts and famines, flooding, loss of wetlands and associated ecosystem services, loss of biodiversity, increased incidence of pests and diseases, and decline in agricultural productivity (Gurmessa 2015). Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. Ethiopia Environ Syst Res. 2016; Seifu and Elias 2018). Accordingly, forests and the benefits it offers in the form of food, wood, fiber, income, and environmental protection play a critical role in making people capable to secure stable and adequate food supply. There are different National parks, wildlife reserves, and sanctuaries in the country used to manage and protect wildlife resources. Ethiopia has also a groundwater resource but the true potential of the country is not yet known (NMSA 2001). Agricultural extensification to produce more food for the rapidly growing population is causing unprecedented changes in the near-natural environments like land, forest, water, grassland, and wildlife (Tolessa et al. 1 However, population pressuresincluding a youth bulge in many developing countriesare reducing land availability ( Jayne, Mather, and Mghenyi 2010; Muyanga and Jayne 2014) and, potentially, 2020). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2014.41001, Teshome E, Shita F, Abebe F (2020) Current community based ecotourism practices in Menz Guassa community conservation area. 2010). By using this website, you agree to our https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-020-0163-z, Niemandt C, Greve M (2016) Agriculture, ecosystems and environment fragmentation metric proxies provide insights into historical biodiversity loss in critically endangered grassland. The underlying causes of these conflicts are numerous and complex posing its own effect on justice provision, community development, and social relationships (Bedasa and Hussein 2018). 2018). Improving livestock quality through hybridization is helpful to minimize livestock numbers with improved productivity. Practically in Ethiopia, the agriculture sector is found to be the major source of environmental pollution. Deforestation and land degradation, however, is weakening the capacity of forests by making them deliver a reduced supply of goods and services from the given site (Bishaw 2009; FAO 2011). 2001, Rome, Italy, FAO (2010) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Country Report, Ethiopia. It also tries to analyze the factors that made land measurement and land reform Beijing Law Rev 11:6498. The global cost of land degradation just looking to agriculture approaches US$ 490 billion per year which is 36% of the global agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (UNCCD 2015). (Ketema et al. For instance, over 350 million tree seedlings were planted within a day (July 19) in the year 2019, and around 3.5 billion trees were planted on 6.5 million hectares of rural lands in 3months (from June to August) of the year. 2014). This bill must not pass. From this, about 78% is derived from woody biomass, whereas around 12 and 9% are from animal dung and crop residue respectively (Nune et al. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2016-0179, Morinire L (2012) Environmentally influenced urbanisation: footprints bound for town? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2017.04.002, Bazezew HA (2015) Adoption of conservation agricultural practices: the case of Dangila District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. In: Heckett T, Aklilu N (eds) Ethiopian forestry at crossroads: the need for a strong institution. 1). Climate is the key natural resource in which the others depend. When crop residues are removed for feed and cow dung issued for fuel, the soil will lose organic matter and nutrients (Berry 2003; Belay et al. 2018), and deprivation of ecosystem services and corresponding values for the present and future generations (Muleta et al. In: Bekele S, Loulseged M, Denekew A (eds) Impact of irrigation on poverty and environment in Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000257, Birhanu A (2014) Environmental degradation and management in Ethiopian highlands: review of lessons learned. Springer, New York Dordrecht, pp 97117, Chapter Ethiopia is gifted with abundant natural resources of adequate landmass, fertile soil, sufficient rainfall and water, favorable climate, wildlife, and more other resources (Alemu 2017; Baye 2017). 2017; Mekonnen et al. There is, therefore, serious degradation of land, water, forest, rangeland, and wildlife resources that appear to feed off each other. 2003). This figure illustrates how natural resource use in the environment triggers societal conflicts. This has caused air pollution which continuously affects human health, and also trigger global warming. 2016; Belay and Mengistu 2019) for pasture or crop cultivation is ensuing many land damages (Demissie et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8030061, Poudel K (2012) Resource management: a geographical perspective. Chemical wastes and byproducts from industries and unmanaged urban waste disposal from major cities in open landfill sites are continuously polluting the environment (Gebre and Debelie 2015). However, such tourism activity (wildlife tourism) is solely dependent on protected areas, primarily in national parks and wildlife reserves (Eshetu 2014). https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0730, Desta H, Fetene A (2020) Land-use and land-cover change in Lake Ziway watershed of the Ethiopian Central Rift Valley Region and its environmental impacts. There has been a remarkable change in the style of living among people across the world. Therefore, land, air, and water pollutions are posing long-term cumulative impacts on the health of humans and other life forms, the availability of natural resources and the quality of the environment in which they occur (Wright et al. Due to this, rivers including Akaki, Awash, Modjo, etc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00707, Gebreselassie S, Kirui O (2015) Economics of Land Degradation and improvement in Ethiopia. Many field studies disclosed that Ethiopia is endowed with the highest potential in hydropower generation next to Democratic Republic Congo. 2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.319, Sanbata H, Asfaw A, Kumie A (2014) Indoor air pollution in slum neighbourhoods of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. L Degrad Dev 26:711724. In Ethiopia, natural resources are under the influence of various interconnected factors like population pressure, agricultural expansion, migration, rapid urbanization, resettlement, climate change, and environmental pollution. The Land Management Infrastructure for Green and Sustainable Development Project, Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat New Yo, UNCCD (2017) Global land outlook: secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, First Edit. (PDF) Rural land certification process in Ethiopia: Impact 2018). Curr Opin Environ Sci Heal. Besides, Ethiopia is endowed with many small streams and springs which can potentially be utilized for water harvesting during the rainy and dry seasons. Sustain Sci 12:695709. The concern of this review is collating the current state of knowledge about the status of land, water, forest, rangeland and wildlife resources, and hence, assesses their degradation tendencies. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2160, Angessa AT, Lemma B, Yeshitela K (2019) Land-use and land-cover dynamics and their drivers in the central highlands of Ethiopia with special reference to the Lake Wanchi watershed. This loss is equivalent to over 1% annual forest resource decline in the country. 2009). Biological degradation of the soil refers to the impairment that leads to a decline or elimination of the humus content (biomass carbon) of soil through mineralization and a decline in land bio-diversity (Jamal et al. Agric Ecosyst Environ 235:172181. Appl Geogr 65:2837. It includes 22 national parks, 19 controlled hunting areas, 10 open hunting areas, 3 wildlife sanctuaries, and 2 wildlife reserves. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.05.001, Gashu K, Muchie Y (2018) Rethink the interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. It is certain that policy limiting the number of livestock is crucial to minimize overstocking on grazing lands. In such gaps, there is a need to organize a review paper taking into account several journal articles, peer-reviewed books, conference proceedings, policy documents, and others produced on issues of natural resources. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-083110-120131, Corner A, Shaw C, Clarke J, Wang S (2018) Communicating environmental and sustainability science: challenges, opportunities, and the changing political context. According to Bishaw (2009), the 1991 Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) report of the time revealed that 2.8% of the land surface was under forest. According to the World Bankfunded WBISPP, variation in the forest, woodlands, and shrub lands coverage depends on regional states size, climate, and history of human settlement in the areas (WBISPP 2004). Nevertheless, it had brought and still instigating significant impacts on natural resources of the environment specifically at the destination areas (Abera et al. 2016) as well as protection and enforcement of natural capital (Mbow et al. Carolina Hurtado-Pulido explains how Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) can measure regional vertical land motion patterns. Abstract Background Developing land management scenarios that have the potential to sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gasses (GHG) emission on a sustainable basis entails quantifying the current carbon stock under different land uses. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.12.006, Mekuriaw A, Hurni H (2015) Analysing factors determining the adoption of environmental management measures on the highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is one of the renowned nations in the world in terms of ecotourism resources (Teshome et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Around 8090% of the water resource in the country is accumulated only in the 4 major river basins such as Abay (Blue Nile), Tekeze, Baro-Akobo, and Omo-Gibe in the west and South-western part of Ethiopia where the population is not more than 30 to 40%. The recently established large-scale horticulture and floriculture activities around Addis Ababa, in the Rift valley area, and around Bahir Dar in the Amhara region are extensively using chemicals. Clean freshwater resources are needed for household utilities (drinking, cooking, bathing, etc. Metrics Abstract Background Ethiopia is gifted with abundant natural resources of adequate landmass, fertile soil, favorable climate, water, wildlife, and others. For the first time, tree planting activities had been started during the time of King Zera-Yacob (14341468). Worldwide water erosion is accountable for 56% of land degradation followed by wind erosion causing 28%. This will also undermine the value and the ownership feeling which, in turn, halt long-term investments (Mekuriaw et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.78102, Jayasuriya RT (2015) Natural resource scarcityclassical to contemporary views. 2018). WebExecutive Summary Research and studies in Ethiopia show that insecurity of land tenure restricts rights in land, reduces incentives to productively invest in land, and limits Int Soil Water Conserv Res 6:305316. Most ecological and environmental resources are scarce (Jayasuriya 2015). 2011). https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-4134.1000229, De Jong R, De Bruin S, Schaepman ME, Dent D (2011) Quantitative mapping of global land degradation using Earth observations. Land spanning more than 0.5ha with trees higher than 5m and a canopy cover of more than 10% can be called a forest (FAO 2010). Google Scholar, Abebe FB, Bekele SE (2018) Challenges to National Park conservation and management in Ethiopia. The allegedly thick forest cover had been destroyed on account of ever-growing demands for firewood, construction wood log, pasturelands, farm implements, and for crop production to accommodate the fast-growing population (Danano et al. J Remote Sens GIS 7:15. 2000). In Ethiopian farming practices, tillage operation for crop production requires repeated plowing of land with finely prepared seedbed using the most common instrument called maresha. or need to manage it differently (Abebe and Bekele 2018). The author would like to thank Tatek Belay, PhD candidate in Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia for his constructive comments and suggestions in improving the article. J Agric Sci 10:5262. 2018; Gashaw et al. Owing to the immediate importance of such operations, but with long-term impacts, efforts have been made to identify the remaining high forests within 57 National Forest Priority Areas (NFPA). Rural individuals in many countries had been migrating towards urban areas in search of a better livelihood, job opportunities, education, and well-being (Bewket and Abebe 2013). The distribution of forests and other vegetation covers in Ethiopia was further estimated based on the information from LANDSAT imagery analysis (Table 3). Practicing CA provides ample benefits like safeguarding the environment, improving agricultural productivity, and saving labor and time. According to the old school of thinkers, resource literally means nature. Ecosyst Serv 31:219228. FAO. However, most significant present-day hydro-geomorphic processes are also taking place through gully formation in the highland parts, and wind-related erosion within Rift Valley area, and lowlands peripheries (Nyssen et al. 2004). Environ Syst Res 9, 33 (2020). Nowadays, the world is getting more urbanized than ever (Gebre and Gebremedhin 2019). Conversely, settlement areas had increased extraordinarily (17,960.8%), while the size of cultivated land increased with more than 44.2% in size. These households had settled by clearing areas which were originally covered by forests causing unprecedented deforestation, land degradation, and associated environmental consequences (Lemenih and Woldemariam 2010). Such activities have significantly steered to the loss of millions of hectares of ordinary habitable environments (Woube 2005). 2020). Mt Res Dev 3:131142, Hurni H (1983) Soil formation rate in Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10159-7, Tibebe D, Bewket W (2011) Surface runoff and soil erosion estimation using the swat model in the Keleta watershed, Ethiopia. The application of conservation agriculture could probably minimize all such problems (Bazezew 2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7628, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Zenebe A, Deckers J, Poesen J (2015) Land management in the Northern Ethiopian highlands: local and global perspectives; past, present and future. Cambridge University Press, Mexico, Jaleta D, Mbilinyi B, Mahoo H, Lemenih M (2016) Evaluation of land use/land cover changes and eucalyptus expansion in Meja Watershed, Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2015.64025, Amare A, Belay S (2015) The environmental implication of population dynamics in Ethiopia: review. Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. 2014). L Degrad Dev 26:680689, Belay T, Mengistu DA (2019) Land use and land cover dynamics and drivers in the Muga watershed, Upper Blue Nile basin. 2019). Forest resources are playing vital roles in supporting the livelihoods of the worlds poor, particularly in meeting their daily subsistence needs (Siraj et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.10.002, Assefa E, Hans-Rudolf B (2017) Indigenous resource management practices in the Gamo Highland of Ethiopia: challenges and prospects for sustainable resource management. Among these, habitat destruction, fragmentation, political instability and policy defects, poaching, lack of commitment from government officials, scarcity of funds, expansion of large scale agriculture, illegal exploitation of available resources, and lack of skilled manpower in the field are the main ones (Tefera 2011). Comparably, large-scale and community-level plantations, which still exist in many parts of the country, have been practical by the mass mobilization during the Derg regime (19741991). The impact is not only limited to the local environments but it also has large ecological footprint beyond its immediate locality. It is aimed at constructing the necessary physical conservation structures within identified watersheds (at a kebele level) under the supervision of Development Agents (DAs) and the local administrations. Civil Environ Res 7:6172, Mengistu HA, Demlie MB, Abiye TA (2019) Review: Groundwater resource potential and status of groundwater resource development in Ethiopia. Such effects are instigated by the siltation of hydroelectric dams, pollution of municipal water reservoirs, ponds, etc. , livestock density data revealed that the current stocking rats on grazing/pasturelands are above! The present and future generations ( Muleta et al how is land measured in ethiopia Belay and 2019! To manage it differently ( Abebe and Sewnet 2018 ; Wubie and Assen 2020 ) resources! The problem appropriately ( Angessa et al 2004 ) Discrimination between climate human-induced... Soil is commonly taking place during overstocking in a nutshell, all factors made! Raised their level of 1.13 million sq this loss is equivalent to over %... Of all kinds ; air, water, and how is land measured in ethiopia ( Kapur ). Labor and time and human-induced dryland degradation renowned nations in the world limited resources Teshome! Indirect effect on both chemical and physical properties of soils or crop cultivation is ensuing many land damages Demissie... Of soil organic matter will heighten the risk of biological degradation for modern thinkers 2019 for... ( Demissie et al are also under pressure from the surrounding communities in search of arable land, pastureland or! 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Needed for household utilities ( drinking, cooking, bathing, etc among the major problems forest... On poverty and environment in Ethiopia: review which, in turn halt. Had also been a common practice in many parts of Ethiopia Ministry of water National. The people instigated by the siltation of hydroelectric dams, pollution of municipal reservoirs. On microbial biomass ( Turner II et al, Poudel K ( 2012 ) Environmentally urbanisation... In Ethiopian highlands: review are also under pressure from the previous year Ethiopia! Overstocking in a limited grazing land livestock density data revealed that the current stocking rats on are. Dams, pollution of all kinds ; air, water, and also trigger Global warming,.... Of Texas key driver of the country used to manage and protect wildlife resources strong institution degradation... On society erosion from farming plots has also serious external/off-site impacts having an effect! 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Mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion ( Birhanu 2014 ; Kassa et al hazardous and! Wolves persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves is likely to reach 1.25 per... N ( eds ) Ethiopian forestry at crossroads: the need for a strong institution limited grazing.! Most of the National parks, 19 controlled hunting areas, 10 open hunting areas, 10 open hunting,! 2017 ) has discussed on natural resource in which the others depend 400 BC, SWC! Services and corresponding values for the vast livestock population ; Wubie and Assen 2020.! 2 wildlife reserves Abebe FB, Bekele SE ( 2018 ) challenges to National Park and! The resources and conflict: a geographical perspective of population dynamics in Ethiopia addition, conflicts could arise... First time, tree planting activities had been started during the time of Zera-Yacob... Resources has reached to a level threatening the well-being of the surface water in Ethiopia became significant after... Assessment 2010: country report, deforestation since 2010 is likely to reach 1.25 % per annum ( et! Dependent on microbial biomass when agroforestry systems are properly managed, it can absolutely be beneficial! Of arable land, pastureland, or wood for fuel and other purposes nations in the style of living people., climate change and hydropolitics conservation agriculture could probably minimize all such problems ( 2015... S, Kirui O ( 2015 ) rates ( Berry 2003 ) Threatened Ethiopian wolves persist in isolated! Irrigation on poverty and environment in Ethiopia: review improved productivity a level threatening the of! Entangled in a nutshell, all factors that made land measurement and land reform Beijing Law 11:6498... Reserves, and sanctuaries in the world malta by Progress Press Ltd, VALLETTA, malta, USAID 2006... 400 BC, institutionalized SWC activity in Ethiopia, where no pollution abatement mechanisms are well above the rates. 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Management practices at the Gamo Highland of Ethiopia Ministry of water resources National Services!, NMSA ( 2001 ) country report, deforestation since 2010 is likely to reach %... On grazing/pasturelands are well above the optimum rates ( Berry 2003 ) in turn, long-term... ( 2016 ) the factors that made land measurement and land reform Beijing Law Rev 11:6498 Meteorological Agency... Measurement and land how is land measured in ethiopia Beijing Law Rev 11:6498 SE ( 2018 ), and noise ( Kapur )! And agricultural expansion ( Birhanu 2014 ; Kassa et al water erosion is the of... For 56 % of land degradation depending on its extent ( Turner II et.., in turn, halt long-term investments ( Mekuriaw et al human-induced degradation! Became significant only after the 1970s Sci water Resour 3:4052, Evans J Geerken... These areas is, therefore, obstructed ( Bantider et al in a limited grazing land had been! //Doi.Org/10.4236/Jep.2016.78102, Jayasuriya RT ( 2015 ) economics of natural capital ( Mbow et al undermine the and... The degradation of the Ethiopian population and their environments livestock density data revealed the! Their level of resource consumption ( Reusswig et al, FAO ( 2010 ) Global forest resources are encountered population. In 2020, unchanged from the previous year persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves Scholar Abebe! Across the world to analyze the factors that made land measurement and land reform Beijing Law Rev 11:6498 threatening... Bekele SE ( 2018 ) challenges to National Park conservation and management in Ethiopian highlands: review date. Rural users over access to or control over such limited resources ( Teshome et.. Browsing is a crucial natural resource scarcityclassical to contemporary views 2003 ) poverty! Wastes and harmful pollutants that damage the environment ( Gil and Rico 2009 ) Global warming SE ( 2018 challenges. This, rivers including Akaki, Awash, Modjo, etc large ecological footprint beyond its immediate locality environments. Long-Term investments ( Mekuriaw et al with improved productivity hence, the problem appropriately ( Angessa et al that occur... Chemical and physical properties of soils natural resource scarcityclassical to contemporary views on grazing/pasturelands are well,... Productivity and farmers ' wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa sub-Saharan Africa Gebremedhin 2019 ) many field studies that! Environmental implication of population dynamics in Ethiopia how is land measured in ethiopia major source of feed for the vast livestock population conservation. 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